Methods of use of glycomimetics with replacements for hexoses and n-acetyl hexosamines

ABSTRACT

Methods are provided for using a compound to treat, for example, endothelial dysfunction including vascular abnormalities. More specifically, methods are described for using an oligosaccharide compound or glycomimetic compound wherein a cyclohexane derivative is incorporated in either.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/900,398 filed Feb. 9, 2007 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/932,779 filed May 31, 2007; which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to methods for using oligosaccharide mimics, and more particularly for using oligosaccharide mimics wherein a cyclohexane derivative is incorporated.

2. Description of the Related Art

Naturally occurring monosaccharides and oligosaccharides play a role, or are capable of playing a role, in a variety of biological processes. In certain cases, non-naturally occurring monosaccharides and oligosaccharides may serve to replace or even improve upon their naturally occurring counterparts. Monosaccharides and particularly oligosaccharides may be difficult, and thus costly, to produce. Even where the degree of difficulty to produce is not particularly elevated, the production of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides may still nevertheless be costly. This problem is multiplied where a costly monosaccharide or oligosaccharide needs to be mass produced. While mimics of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides (“glycomimetics”) may improve upon their biological properties, the cost of producing the mimics may not be significantly reduced relative to that which they mimic. The mimics used herein have reduced production cost or reduced complexity.

Endothelial dysfunction, including vascular abnormalities, is associated with a number of diseases. Diabetes is an example of such a disease. There is a need for improvements in the treatment of diabetes or symptoms or complications associated therewith.

Accordingly, there is a need in the art for new methods for treating diabetes or symptoms or complications associated therewith. The present invention fulfills these needs and further provides other related advantages.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Briefly stated, the invention provides methods for using oligosaccharide mimic compounds. The mimics are useful, for example, for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction, including vascular abnormalities.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating an endothelial dysfunction comprising administering to an individual in need thereof in an amount effective to treat the endothelial dysfunction an oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound that contains at least one cyclohexane derivative (i.e., both an oligosaccharide compound and a glycomimetic compound contain at least one cyclohexane derivative), wherein the cyclohexane derivative has the formula:

wherein,

-   -   R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl         substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;     -   R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one         or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where         n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso         that R¹ and R² are not both H;

the cyclohexane derivative is at least attached to the oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound at an OH, R¹ or R².

In another embodiment, the present invention provides the method wherein the compound comprises:

wherein,

-   -   R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl         substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;     -   R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one         or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where         n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso         that R¹ and R² are not both H;

-   -    —O—C(═O)X, —NH₂, —NH—C(═O)—NHX, or —NH—C(═O)—X where n=0-2 and         X is independently selected from C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, C₁-C₁₄ aryl, or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is         H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, or C₁-C₁₄ aryl;

-   -    6′sulfated GlcNAc, 6′carboxylated GlcNAc, 6′sulfated GalNAc,         6′sulfated galactose, 6′carboxylated galactose,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt or C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(n)-aryl or (CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl where n is 1-10, and         where R⁹ is aryl, heteroaryl, cyclohexane, t-butane, adamantane,         or triazole, and any of R⁹ may be substituted with one to three         independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or         C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl or C₁-C₁₄ aryl; or

-   -    where R¹⁰ is one of

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, n=1-4, Z         and Y═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituted with Me, OMe,         halide, OH; and     -   R⁵═H, D-mannose, L-galactose, D-arabinose, L-fucose, polyols

-   -    where X═CF₃, cyclopropyl or phenyl, or

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where R¹¹ is aryl, heteroaryl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY where Y is H,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl or C₁-C₈ alkynyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides the method wherein the compound consists of:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are defined as above.

A compound of the methods of the present invention may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol. As used herein, the phrase “another of the compound” refers to the same or different compound of the compounds encompassed by the methods of the present invention; and includes more than one compound in which case the compound may be the same or different or both. As used herein, the phrase “attached by polyethylene glycol” refers to the attachment via one or more polyethylene glycols. Where there is more than one polyethylene glycol, they may be the same or different. In embodiments, two or more of the compounds (same or different) are attached to two or more polyethylene glycols (same or different). In an embodiment, each polyethylene glycol is attached to multiple polyethylene glycols, but each compound is attached to only one of the multiple polyethylene glycols. For example, a specific embodiment is shown in FIG. 11 of the present disclosure.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Me is methyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Me is methyl, Et is ethyl, and Bz in benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Me is methyl and Bz in benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Me is methyl, Et is ethyl and Bz is benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the compound of a method has the formula:

where Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating graft vs. host disease comprising administering to an individual in need thereof in an amount effective to treat graft vs. host disease an oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound that contains at least one cyclohexane derivative, wherein the cyclohexane derivative has the formula:

wherein,

-   -   R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl         substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;     -   R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one         or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where         n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso         that R¹ and R² are not both H;

the cyclohexane derivative is at least attached to the oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound at an OH, R¹ or R².

In one embodiment, the present invention provides the method immediately above, wherein the compound comprises:

wherein,

-   -   R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl         substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;     -   R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one         or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where         n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso         that R¹ and R² are not both H;

-   -    —O—C(═O)X, —NH₂, —NH—C(═O)—NHX, or —NH—C(═O)—X where n=0-2 and         X is independently selected from C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, C₁-C₁₄ aryl, or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is         H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, or C₁-C₁₄ aryl;

-   -    6′sulfated GlcNAc, 6′carboxylated GlcNAc, 6′sulfated GalNAc,         6′sulfated galactose, 6′carboxylated galactose,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt or C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(n)-aryl or (CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl where n is 1-10, and         where R⁹ is aryl, heteroaryl, cyclohexane, t-butane, adamantane,         or triazole, and any of R⁹ may be substituted with one to three         independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or         C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl or C₁-C₁₄ aryl; or

-   -    where R¹⁰ is one of

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, n=1-4, Z         and Y═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituted with Me, OMe,         halide, OH; and     -   R⁵═H, D-mannose, L-galactose, D-arabinose, L-fucose, polyols

-   -    where X═CF₃, cyclopropyl or phenyl, or

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where R¹¹ is aryl, heteroaryl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY where Y is H,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl or C₁-C₈ alkynyl.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides the method immediately above wherein the compound consists of:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are defined as above.

In any of the embodiments pertaining to a method for treating graft vs. host disease, the compound used therein may be any one of the individual compounds disclosed separately above. Similarly, any description herein related to polyethylene glycol is also applicable to these embodiments.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma comprising administering to an individual in need thereof in an amount effective to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma an oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound that contains at least one cyclohexane derivative, wherein the cyclohexane derivative has the formula:

wherein,

-   -   R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl         substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;     -   R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one         or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where         n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso         that R¹ and R² are not both H;

the cyclohexane derivative is at least attached to the oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound at an OH, R¹ or R².

In one embodiment, the present invention provides the method immediately above, wherein the compound comprises:

wherein,

-   -   R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl         substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;     -   R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one         or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where         n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso         that R¹ and R² are not both H;

-   -    —O—C(═O)X, —NH₂, —NH—C(═O)—NHX, or —NH—C(═O)—X where n=0-2 and         X is independently selected from C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, C₁-C₁₄ aryl, or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is         H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, or C₁-C₁₄ aryl;

-   -    6′sulfated GlcNAc, 6′carboxylated GlcNAc, 6′sulfated GalNAc,         6′sulfated galactose, 6′carboxylated galactose,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt or C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(n)-aryl or (CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl where n is 1-10, and         where R⁹ is aryl, heteroaryl, cyclohexane, t-butane, adamantane,         or triazole, and any of R⁹ may be substituted with one to three         independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or         C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl or C₁-C₁₄ aryl; or

-   -    where R¹⁰ is one of

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, n=1-4, Z         and Y═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituted with Me, OMe,         halide, OH; and     -   R⁵═H, D-mannose, L-galactose, D-arabinose, L-fucose, polyols

-   -    where X═CF₃, cyclopropyl or phenyl, or

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where R¹¹ is aryl, heteroaryl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY where Y is H,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl or C₁-C₈ alkynyl.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides the method immediately above wherein the compound consists of:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are defined as above.

In any of the embodiments pertaining to a method for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the compound used therein may be any one of the individual compounds disclosed separately above. Similarly, any description herein related to polyethylene glycol is also applicable to these embodiments.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating disease involving inflammatory cells in the skin comprising administering to an individual in need thereof in an amount effective to treat disease involving inflammatory cells in the skin an oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound that contains at least one cyclohexane derivative, wherein the cyclohexane derivative has the formula:

wherein,

-   -   R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl         substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;     -   R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one         or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where         n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso         that R¹ and R² are not both H;

the cyclohexane derivative is at least attached to the oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound at an OH, R¹ or R².

In one embodiment, the present invention provides the method immediately above, wherein the compound comprises:

wherein,

-   -   R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl         substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;     -   R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one         or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where         n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X,         where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         with the proviso that R¹ and R² are not both H;

-   -    —O—C(═O)X, —NH₂, —NH—C(═O)—NHX, or —NH—C(═O)—X where n=0-2 and         X is independently selected from C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, C₁-C₁₄ aryl, or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is         H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, or C₁-C₁₄ aryl;

-   -    6′sulfated GlcNAc, 6′carboxylated GlcNAc, 6′sulfated GalNAc,         6′sulfated galactose, 6′carboxylated galactose,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt or C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(n)-aryl or (CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl where n is 1-10, and         where R⁹ is aryl, heteroaryl, cyclohexane, t-butane, adamantane,         or triazole, and any of R⁹ may be substituted with one to three         independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or         C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl or C₁-C₁₄ aryl; or

-   -    where R¹⁰ is one of

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, n=1-4, Z         and Y═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituted with Me, OMe,         halide, OH; and     -   R⁵═H, D-mannose, L-galactose, D-arabinose, L-fucose, polyols

-   -    where X═CF₃, cyclopropyl or phenyl, or

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where R¹¹ is aryl, heteroaryl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY where Y is H,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl or C₁-C₈ alkynyl.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides the method immediately above wherein the compound consists of:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are defined as above.

In any of the embodiments pertaining to a method for treating disease involving inflammatory cells in the skin, the compound used therein may be any one of the individual compounds disclosed separately above. Similarly, any description herein related to polyethylene glycol is also applicable to these embodiments.

These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent upon reference to the following detailed description and attached drawings. All references disclosed herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each was incorporated individually.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of GlcNAc mimics from tetrahydrophthalic anhydride.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of GlcNAc mimics from cyclohexenon.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of mimics.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of mimics.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of mimics.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of mimics.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of mimics.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of mimics.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of mimics.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a pegylated mimic.

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of a pegylated tetramer of a mimic.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of mimics.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating the synthesis of mimics.

FIG. 14 is a diagram of a timeline for the experiments for observing the effects of a test compound (an oligosaccharide mimic) on microvascular flow in sickle cell mice as determined by intravital microscopy.

FIG. 15 is a graphical representation of the effects of a test compound (FIG. 14) on cell adhesion to the endothelium during an induced vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell mice as determined by intravital microscopy.

FIG. 16 is a graphical representation of the effects of a test compound (FIG. 14) on the number of SS red blood cells adherent to leukocytes during an induced vaso-occlusive crisis in a sickle cell mouse as determined by intravital microscopy.

FIG. 17 is a graphical representation of the effects of a test compound (FIG. 14) on the average survival of sickle cell mice after induction of a vaso-occlusive crisis.

FIG. 18 is a graphical representation of induction of neutrophil adhesion under flow by glycated human serum albumin (Gly-HSA) treatment of human endothelial cells.

FIG. 19 is a graphical representation of induction of neutrophil adhesion under flow by glycated hemaglobin (Gly-Hb) treatment of human endothelial cells.

FIG. 20 is a graphical representation of the blockade by test compound (at three concentrations) of glycated albumin-induced neutrophil adhesion under flow.

FIG. 21 is a graphical representation of leukocyte rolling in diabetic mice, with and without test compound (FIG. 14), as measured by intravital microscopy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As noted above, the present invention provides methods for using oligosaccharide mimics. Such mimics have a variety of uses in vitro and in vivo.

An oligosaccharide mimic (compound) may be prepared by incorporating one or more cyclohexane derivatives into an oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound. An oligosaccharide refers to two or more monosaccharides covalently joined. Oligosaccharides are polymers containing monosaccharide units, typically with 2 to about 100 monosaccharides and any integer in-between. Each monosaccharide of an oligosaccharide is independently selected; although two or more monosaccharides may be identical.

The cyclohexane derivative of an oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound of the methods of the present invention has the formula:

R¹ may be H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH. R² may be H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso that R¹ and R² are not both H. The cyclohexane derivative is attached to the oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound at least at one of the OH, the R¹ or the R². In embodiments, attachment is at least at one of the OH or the R². Other options for attachment include at both of the OH, e.g., one monosaccharide or monosaccharide mimic attached at one of the OH and another monosaccharide or monosaccharide mimic attached at the other OH.

As used herein, a “C₁-C₈ alkanyl” refers to an alkane substituent with one to eight carbon atoms and may be straight chain, branched or cyclic (cycloalkanyl). Examples are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl and t-butyl. A “halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl” refers to a “C₁-C₈ alkanyl” possessing at least one halogen. Where there is more than one halogen present, the halogens present may be the same or different or both (if at least three present). A “C₁-C₈ alkenyl” refers to an alkene substituent with one to eight carbon atoms, at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and may be straight chain, branched or cyclic (cycloalkenyl). Examples are similar to “C₁-C₈ alkanyl” examples except possessing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. A “C₁-C₈ alkynyl” refers to an alkyne substituent with one to eight carbon atoms, at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and may be straight chain, branched or cyclic (cycloalkynyl). Examples are similar to “C₁-C₈ alkanyl” examples except possessing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. An “alkoxy” refers to an oxygen substituent possessing a “C₁-C₈ alkanyl,” “C₁-C₈ alkenyl” or “C₁-C₈ alkynyl.” This is —O-alkyl; for example methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy and the like; and alkenyl or alkynyl variations thereof (except for methoxy). It further refers to the group O-alkyl-W-alkyl where W is O or N; for example —O—(CH₂)_(n)—W—(CH₂)_(m) where n and m are independently 1-10. An “aryl” refers to an aromatic substituent with one to fourteen carbon atoms in one or multiple rings which may be separated by a bond or fused. A “heteroaryl” is similar to an “aryl” except the aromatic substituent possesses at least one heteroatom (such as N, O or S) in place of a ring carbon. Examples of aryls and heteroaryls include phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolo, furanyl, oxazolyl, thiophenyl, quinolinyl and diphenyl. As used herein, the term “independently selected” refers to the selection of identical or different substituents. “Me” and “Et” represent methyl and ethyl, respectively. “Bz” represents benzoyl. “Ar” represents aryl. Examples of physiologically acceptable salts include Na, K, Li, Mg and Ca. Monosaccharide substituents recited herein (e.g., D-mannose, L-galactose, D-arabinose and L-fucose) may be in the furanose, pyranose or open form.

A linker arm may be desirable for attachment, for example, to a monosaccharide, a monosaccharide mimic or something else. A linker may include a spacer group, such as —(CH₂)_(n)— or —(CH₂)_(n)— where n is generally about 1-20 (all number ranges disclosed herein include any whole integer range therein). An example of a linker is —NH₂, e.g., —CH₂—NH₂ when it includes a short spacer group.

Embodiments of linkers include the following:

Other linkers with or without a spacer group (e.g., CONH(CH₂)₂NH₂, COOMe, or polyethylene glycol or derivative) will be familiar to those in the art or in possession of the present disclosure.

Alternatively, or in combination with a linker arm, a cyclohexane derivative may be attached at one or both OH.

In another embodiment is provided the use in a method of a compound comprising:

-   -   R¹ of the formula may be H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of         which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide,         OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of         which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or         OH; C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl         substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;     -   R² of the formula may be H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of         which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide,         OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of         which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or         OH; —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂         where n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH,     -   where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be         substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X,         OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of         which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or         OH; with the proviso that R¹ and R² are not both H;     -   R³ of the formula may be —OH,

-   -    —O—C(═O)X, —NH₂, —NH—C(═O)NHX, or —NH—C(═O)—X where n=0-2 and X         is independently selected from C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, C₁-C₁₄ aryl, or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is         H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, or C₁-C₁₄ aryl;     -   R⁴ of the formula may be

-   -    6′sulfated GlcNAc, 6′carboxylated GlcNAc, 6′sulfated GalNAc,         6′sulfated galactose, 6′carboxylated galactose,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt or C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(n)-aryl or (CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl where n is 1-10, and         where R⁹ is aryl, heteroaryl, cyclohexane, t-butane, adamantane,         or triazole, and any of R⁹ may be substituted with one to three         independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or         C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl or C₁-C₁₄ aryl; or

-   -    where R¹⁰ is one of

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, n=1-4, Z         and Y═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituted with Me, OMe,         halide, OH; and     -   R⁵ of the formula may be H, D-mannose, L-galactose, D-arabinose,         polyols, L-fucose,

-   -    where X═CF₃, cyclopropyl or C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or         (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, or

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where R¹¹ is aryl, heteroaryl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY where Y is H,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl or C₁-C₈ alkynyl.

In another embodiment is provided the use in a method of a compound consisting of:

-   -   R¹ is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or         NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl         substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;     -   R² is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or         NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which         may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH;         —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,         aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one         or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where         n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl         either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe,         halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈         alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted         with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso         that R¹ and R² are not both H;     -   R³ is —OH,

-   -    —O—C(═O)—X, —NH₂, —NH—C(═O)—NHX, or —NH—C(═O)—X where n=0-2 and         X is independently selected from C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl,         C₁-C₈ alkynyl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, C₁-C₁₄ aryl, or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is         H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, or C₁-C₁₄ aryl;     -   R⁴ is

-   -    6′sulfated GlcNAc, 6′carboxylated GlcNAc, 6′sulfated GalNAc,         6′sulfated galactose, 6′carboxylated galactose,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt or C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(n)-aryl or (CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl where n is 1-10, and         where R⁹ is aryl, heteroaryl, cyclohexane, t-butane, adamantane,         or triazole, and any of R⁹ may be substituted with one to three         independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or         C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl or C₁-C₁₄ aryl; or

-   -    where R¹⁰ is one of

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, n=1-4, Z         and Y═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituted with Me, OMe,         halide, OH; and     -   R⁵ is H, D-mannose, L-galactose, D-arabinose, L-fucose, polyols,

-   -    where X═CF₃, cyclopropyl or C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈         alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or         (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, or

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where R¹¹ is aryl, heteroaryl,

-   -    where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈         alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and         where n=0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be         substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY where Y is H,         C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl or C₁-C₈ alkynyl.

In another embodiment is provided the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl.

In another embodiment is provided the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.

In another embodiment is provided the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.

In another embodiment is provided the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.

In another embodiment is provided the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl.

In another embodiment is provided the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.

In another embodiment is provided the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Me is methyl.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Me is methyl, Et is ethyl, and Bz in benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Me is methyl and Bz in benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Me is methyl, Et is ethyl and Bz is benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides the use in a method of a compound having the formula:

where Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl. The compound may include a polyethylene glycol attached thereto. Alternatively, multimers may be formed whereby the compound is attached to another of the compound by polyethylene glycol.

For the compounds described herein, a free acid substituent, e.g., CO₂H and (O═)S(═O)OH, encompasses a sodium salt of the acid, e.g., COONa and (O═)S(═O)ONa, and vice versa. Furthermore, a sodium salt of the acid is merely representative and any physiologically acceptable acid salt (e.g., Li, K, Mg and Ca) is encompassed. In addition, for the compounds described herein, a free acid substituent (or salt thereof) may be modified as an ester (e.g., alkanyl ester) or as an amide or amide-like (e.g., CONHOH).

For the compounds described herein (both generically and specifically), a polyethylene glycol (PEG), including derivatives thereof, may be attached to a compound. Alternatively, multimers of the same compound or different compounds of the compounds described herein (i.e., two or more compounds joined to one another) may be formed using PEG. Examples of particular compounds amenable to the attachment of a PEG or to the formation of a multimer including PEG, are disclosed above as embodiments of the present invention. Procedures for preparing a pegylated compound or pegylated multimers will be familiar to those in the art or in possession of the present disclosure. Examples are depicted in FIG. 10 (a pegylated compound) and FIG. 11 (a pegylated tetramer).

An oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound as described herein is administered to an individual in need thereof to treat an endothelial dysfunction (including a condition or symptom associated therewith, e.g., pain). Endothelial dysfunction includes vascular abnormalities. Vascular abnormalities are associated with diseases such as diabetes, sickle cell disease (e.g., sickle cell anemia), and atherosclerosis. An oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound as described herein may be administered in combination (e.g., simultaneous, sequential or otherwise) with another therapy. For example, aspirin therapy is used for atherosclerosis. An oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound as described herein may be administered in combination with aspirin therapy. Aspirin therapy may utilize aspirin or an aspirin substitute which is useful for atherosclerosis.

An oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound as described herein is also useful to treat (e.g., via an orally available formulation) graft vs. host disease (GVHD) that commonly arises in patients post stem cell transplantation. Additional uses include for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, such as mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. An oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound as described herein can also treat other diseases involving inflammatory cells in the skin, such as dermatitis, chronic eczema and psoriasis.

An oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound as described herein of the present methods may be administered in a manner appropriate to the disease to be treated (including prevented and delay of onset). Appropriate dosages and a suitable duration and frequency of administration may be determined by such factors as the condition of the patient, the type and severity of the patient's disease and the method of administration. In general, an appropriate dosage and treatment regimen provides the oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound as described herein in an amount sufficient to provide therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit. Within particularly preferred embodiments of the invention, an oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound as described herein may be administered at a dosage ranging from 0.001 to 1000 mg/kg body weight (more typically 0.01 to 1000 mg/kg), on a regimen of single or multiple daily doses. Appropriate dosages may generally be determined using experimental models and/or clinical trials. In general, the use of the minimum dosage that is sufficient to provide effective therapy is preferred. Patients may generally be monitored for therapeutic effectiveness using assays suitable for the condition being treated or prevented, which will be familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art.

As used herein, treating (or treatment) by administering an effective amount of at least one oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound as described herein refers to any indicia of success in the treatment or amelioration of a disease, disorder, dysfunction or abnormality, or one or more symptoms or conditions thereof. Indicia of success include any objective or subjective parameter, such as abatement, remission, cure, diminishing of symptoms (such as pain) or conditions, making the symptom or condition more tolerable to the individual, slowing in the rate of degeneration or decline, improving an individual's physical or mental well-being, slowing or inhibiting progression, delaying the onset or prolonging the survival time. The method may further comprise inclusion of one or more other types of therapeutic agents. Alternatively, the method may be used in conjunction with one or more other therapies. Individuals treated include human and non-human animals, such as pets, animals for racing, animals for show and exotic animals. Typically, an animal is a warm-blooded animal.

The following Examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of GlcNAc Mimic from Tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride FIG. 1 Synthesis of Intermediate I:

Amberlyste 15 (50.0 g) was placed in a flask and dried in high vacuo for 1 h. Methanol (1 l) was added, followed by cis-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (50.0 g, 328 mmol) and trimethylorthoformate (100 ml, 914 mmol). The reaction mixture was then vigorously stirred. After 5 days, additional trimethylorthoformate (50 ml, 457 mmol) was added. The reaction was stopped after 9 days (TLC-control: petroleum ether/Et₂O, 1:2), filtered over celite and washed with methanol. The solvent was removed in vacuo (20 mbar). The brown residue was transferred with CH₂Cl₂ (150 ml) into a separation funnel and washed with satd. NaHCO₃ solution and brine (each 150 ml). The aqueous layers were extracted 3 times with CH₂Cl₂ (3×150 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo (20 mbar) to afford diester I as a brownish oil (57.5 g, 88%).

Synthesis of Intermediate II:

To a stirred suspension of diester I (2.00 g, 10.1 mmol) in pH 7.00 phosphate buffer solution (103 ml, 0.07 M), PLE (8.00 mg, 216 units) was added. The pH was kept at 7 by adding continuously NaOH solution (1.0 M) via syringe pump. The reaction was stirred at 20° C. until one equivalent of NaOH (10 ml) was used (56.5 h, TLC-control: petroleum ether/Et₂O, 1:2). The reaction mixture was transferred into a separation funnel with ethyl acetate (100 ml). The layers were separated and the organic layer was extracted twice with pH 7.00 phosphate buffer solution (2×60 ml). The combined aqueous layers were acidified to pH 2 with 1 M HCl solution and extracted four times with ethyl acetate (4×150 ml). To separate the layers NaCl was added. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the monoester II as a yellowish oil (1.67 g, 90%). 96.0% ee. (GC), 96.4% ee. (rot.), [α]_(D) ²¹+15.23° (c=0.195, EtOH), (Lit.+15.8° (c=0.2, EtOH), [Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1984, 23, 142]).

Synthesis of Intermediate III:

A solution of monoester II (0.992 g, 5.38 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (18 ml) was treated with (COCl)₂ (0.7 ml, 8.15 mmol) and DMF (14 μl), stirred for 3 h at r.t. and evaporated (rotavapor purged with argon). A solution of the residue in dry THF (20 ml) was added dropwise over a period of 20 minutes to a boiling suspension of 2-mercaptopyridine-1-oxide sodium salt (974.8 mg, 6.49 mmol), t-BuSH (3.1 ml, 27.5 mmol), and 4-DMAP (26.3 mg, 0.216 mmol) in dry THF (50 ml). The solution was stirred at reflux for 3 h (TLC-control: petroleum ether/Et₂O, 10:1). The reaction mixture was then cooled down to r.t. (room temperature) and transferred into a separation funnel with ethyl acetate (50 ml) and washed with water (100 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate (2×100 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo (200 mbar). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/Et₂O, 30:1 to 15:1) to afford methylester III as a yellowish oil (584.9 mg, 83%). [α]_(D) ²¹+78.23° (c=1.010, CHCl₃).

Synthesis of Intermediate IV:

To a stirred suspension of methylester III (5.19 g, 37.0 mmol) in pH 7.00 phosphate buffer solution (520 ml, 0.07 M), PLE (51.2 mg, 1382 units) was added. The pH was kept at 7 by adding NaOH solution (1.0 M) via syringe pump. The reaction was stirred at r.t. until one equivalent of NaOH (37 ml) was used (11 h, TLC-control: petroleum ether/Et₂O, 1:1). The reaction mixture was transferred into a separation funnel and washed twice with ethyl acetate (2×300 ml). The layers were separated and the organic layers were extracted twice with pH 7.00 phosphate buffer solution (2×300 ml). The combined aqueous layers were acidified to pH 2 with aqueous HCl (30 ml, 4 M) and extracted three times with ethyl acetate (3×400 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo (100 mbar). The crude product was filtered through a short plug of silica affording acid IV as a pale yellowish oil (3.92 g, 84%). 96.3% ee. (GC), 94.3% ee. (rot.), [α]_(D) ²¹+89.12° (c=6.730, MeOH), (Lit.+94.5° (c=7, MeOH), [Acta Chem. Scand., 1970, 24, 2693]).

Synthesis of Intermediate V:

Acid IV (8.30 g, 65.7 mmol) was placed in a flask purged with argon and suspended in water (180 ml). The reaction mixture was cooled down to 0° C. and NaHCO₃ (16.6 g, 197 mmol) was added, followed by a solution of KI (65.4 g, 394 mmol) and iodine (17.5 g, 68.9 mmol) in water (150 ml). The reaction was stirred at r.t. for 24 h and then extracted three times with CH₂Cl₂ (3×60 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with a solution of Na₂S₂O₃ (50 g) in water (250 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted twice with CH₂Cl₂ (2×60 ml). The combined organic layers were protected from light, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo (20 mbar) and quickly in high vacuo to afford iodolactone V as an off-white solid (15.79 g, 95%). [α]_(D) ²¹+35.96° (c=0.565, CHCl₃).

Synthesis of Intermediate VI:

Iodolactone V (15.73 g, 62.2 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (340 ml). Then DBU (14 ml, 93.3 mmol) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 20 h (TLC-control: petroleum ether/Et₂O, 1:1). The reaction mixture was cooled down to r.t., transferred with Et₂O (200 ml) into a separation funnel and extracted with aqueous HCl (400 ml, 0.5 M) and brine (400 ml). The aqueous layers were extracted three times with Et₂O (3×200 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo (350 mbar). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/CH₂Cl₂/Et₂O, 20:5:1 to 8:5:1) to afford lactone VI as a yellowish oil (7.28 g, 94%). [α]_(D) ²¹+187.31° (c=1.080, CHCl₃).

Synthesis of Intermediate VII:

NaHCO₃ (4.36 g, 51.8 mmol) was dried in high vacuum for 2 h. Then, freshly distilled methanol (268 ml) was added followed by lactone VI (6.38 g, 51.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was then stirred under argon for 12 h (TLC-control: petroleum ether/Et₂O, 1:1). The solvent was evaporated and the residue transferred into a separation funnel with CH₂Cl₂ (60 ml) and extracted with water (60 ml) and brine (60 ml). The aqueous layers were extracted twice with CH₂Cl₂ (2×60 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo (50 mbar) to obtain the alcohol as a yellowish oil (7.77 g, 96%). To a solution of the alcohol in dry CH₂Cl₂ (150 ml), tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (14.93 g, 99 mmol) was added in small portions, followed by DBU (18.4 ml, 123.4 mmol). The reaction was stirred at r.t for 12 h (TLC-control: petroleum ether/Et₂O, 20:1) and then quenched with methanol (20 ml). The reaction mixture was transferred into a separation funnel with CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml), washed with satd. NaHCO₃ solution (100 ml) and brine (100 ml). The aqueous layers were extracted twice with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated (200 mbar). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/Et₂O, 40:1 to 20:1) to afford silylether VII as a colorless oil (13.96 g, quantitative yield). [α]_(D) ²¹+1.970 (c=1.045, CHCl₃).

Synthesis of Intermediate VIII:

A solution of silylether VII (1.21 g, 4.47 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (36 ml) was cooled to 10° C., then m-CPBA (1.92 g, 11.1 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred at 10° C. for 15 h. Over a period of 2 hours the temperature was raised to r.t and the reaction stopped (TLC-control: petroleum ether/Et₂O, 5:1). The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (150 ml) and transferred into a separation funnel. The excess of m-CPBA was destroyed by washing twice with satd. Na₂S₂O₃ solution (2×150 ml). The organic layer was successively washed with satd. NaHCO₃ solution (150 ml) and brine (150 ml). The aqueous layers were extracted twice with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/Et₂O, 12:1 to 10:1) to obtain epoxide VIII as yellowish oil (1.001 g, 78%). [α]_(D) ²¹-25.60 (c=0.985, CHCl₃).

Synthesis of Intermediate IX:

CuCN (635.4 mg, 7.09 mmol) was dried in high vacuo at 150° C. for 30 minutes, suspended in dry THF (10 ml) and cooled down to −78° C. MeLi (1.6 M in Et₂O, 8.90 ml, 14.2 mmol) was slowly added via syringe and the temperature was raised over a period of 30 minutes to −10° C. The mixture was again cooled down to −78° C. followed by the addition of freshly distilled BF₃ etherate (360 μl) in THF (2 ml). After stirring for 20 minutes, epoxide VIII (408.0 mg, 1.42 mmol) in THF (10 ml) was added. The reaction was stopped after 5 h stirring at −78° C. (TLC-control: petroleum ether/Et₂O, 3:1). The excess of MeLi was quenched with a mixture of methanol (4 ml) and triethylamine (4 ml). The mixture was transferred with Et₂O (100 ml) into a separation funnel and extracted with 25% aq. NH₃/satd. NH₄Cl (1:9) solution. The organic layer was then successively washed with brine (60 ml), 5% acetic acid (60 ml), satd. NaHCO₃ solution (60 ml) and brine (60 ml). The aqueous layers were extracted twice with Et₂O (2×100 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo (20 mbar). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/Et₂O, 10:1 to 8:1) to afford GlcNAc-mimic IX as a reddish oil (337.0 mg, 78%). [α]_(D) ²¹−28.340 (c=1.020, CHCl₃).

Synthesis of Intermediate X:

After a mixture of IX (347.5 mg, 1.15 mmol), ethyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-L-fucothiopyranoside (1.111 g, 2.32 mmol), (Bu)₄NBr (1.122 g, 3.48 mmol), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine (713.3 mg, 3.47 mmol), and powdered 4 Å molecular sieves (3 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (12 ml) and DMF (3 ml) was stirred at r.t. under Ar for 4 h, CuBr₂ (775.9 mg, 3.47 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 20 h (TLC-control: toluene/petroleum ether/EtOAc, 3:3:1). The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite and the filtrate was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml). The organic layer was washed with satd. NaHCO₃ solution and brine (each 40 ml) and the aqueous layers were extracted three times with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 ml). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and co-evaporated with toluene to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/Et₂O, 7:1 to 5:1) to yield compound X as a yellowish oil (631.4 mg, 76%). [α]_(D) ²¹-40.66° (c=0.790, CHCl₃).

Synthesis of Intermediate XI:

To a solution of disaccharide mimic X (139.5 mg, 0.194 mmol) in THF (5 ml), TBAF (390 μl, 0.390 mmol) was added. After 26 h additional TBAF (200 μl, 0.200 mmol) was added, and the solution was continued stirring. The reaction was stopped after 50 h and concentrated in vacuo (TLC-control: petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 5:1). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 3:1) to afford the unprotected disaccharide mimic XI as a white solid (95.7 mg, 81%). [α]_(D) ²¹-43.03° (c=1.090, CHCl₃).

Synthesis of Intermediate XII:

Dry CH₂Cl₂ (16 ml) was added to a mixture of the thioglycoside (562.3 mg, 0.719 mmol), glycosyl acceptor XI (335.6 mg, 0.555 mmol) and activated 4 Å molecular sieves (4 g) under argon atmosphere. A suspension of DMTST (440.6 mg, 1.706 mmol) and activated 4 Å molecular sieves (2 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 ml) was prepared in a second flask. Both suspensions were stirred at room temperature for 4 h, before adding the DMTST suspension via syringe to the other suspension with some additional CH₂Cl₂ (1 ml). The reaction was stopped after 63 h (TLC-control: petroleum ether/Et₂O, 1:1), and filtered through celite, washing with CH₂Cl₂. The filtrate was successively washed with satd. solution of NaHCO₃ (40 ml) and water (100 ml). The aqueous layers were three times extracted with DCM (3×60 ml). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by repeated column chromatography (petroleum ether/Et₂O, 1:1) to afford tetrasaccharide XII as a white foam (484.9 mg, 66%). [α]_(D) ²¹-52.80 (c=1.050, CHCl₃).

Synthesis of Product XIII:

A mixture of XII (132.5 mg, 0.100 mmol), Pd(OH)₂/C (50 mg), dioxane (3 ml) and water (0.75 ml) was hydrogenated in a Parr-shaker under 4 bar at r.t. After 20 h the mixture was filtered through Celite and set up with new Pd(OH)₂/C (50 mg) for another 26 h, after which TLC control indicated completion of the reaction. The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite and evaporated to dryness. The residue was redissolved in methanol (4 ml) and sodium methanolate (0.150 mmol in 160 μl MeOH) was added. After stirring at r.t. for 16 h the reaction was quenched by addition of acetic acid (17 μl). The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative, reversed-phase HPLC to afford compound XIII as a white solid (57.1 mg, 76%). [α]_(D) ²¹-85.02° (c=0.570, MeOH).

Example 2 Synthesis of GlcNAc Mimics from Cyclohexenon FIG. 2 Synthesis of Intermediate XIV:

2-Cyclohexenone (9.8 ml, 101 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (250 ml) in a light protected flask, then the solution was cooled to 0° C. Bromine (5.4 ml, 105 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml) was added via dropping funnel over 35 min. The clear yellow solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2.5 h, then Et₃N (23.1 ml, 166 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) was added portion-wise via dropping funnel, causing a color change from clear yellow to brown with precipitate. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, then stopped. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) and washed twice with HCl 3% (2×50 ml). The aqueous layers were extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×25 ml) and the combined organic layers were washed with a mixture of brine (80 ml) and water (100 ml). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 ml). The combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo to afford a brown residue still dissolved in a few ml of CH₂Cl₂, and was then treated with activated charcoal and filtered through celite. The clear green mixture was concentrated to dryness. Recrystallization from hexane/EtOAc (100 ml:few drops) gave offwhite crystals. The crystals were dried in a desiccator for 12 h affording bromide XIV (11.0 g, 62.8 mmol, 62%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz): δ=2.07 (m, 2H, H-5), 2.45 (m, 2H, H-4), 2.63 (m, 2H, H-6), 7.42 (t, ³J=4.4 Hz, 1H, H-3).

Synthesis of Intermediate XV:

(S)-α,α-diphenylprolinol (290 mg, 1.14 mmol) was dissolved in THF (20 ml) in a flame dried, light protected flask, then under stirring B(OMe)₃ (153 μl, 1.37 mmol) was added via syringe to the solution. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature, before BH₃.N,N-diethylaniline (2.00 ml, 11.2 mmol) was added and the resulting solution cooled to −10° C. A solution of bromide XIV (2.00 g, 11.4 mmol) in THF (15 ml) was then added over 45 min. The clear yellow mixture was stirred for 3 h at 0° C. After complete conversion of the ketone the reaction was quenched with HCl (1 M, 20 ml). The resulting mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (40 ml) and water (50 ml). After separation the organic layer was washed with brine (20 ml) and both aqueous layers were extracted twice with CH₂Cl₂ (2×25 ml). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatographic purification of the crude product (petroleum ether/Et₂O, 2:1 to 1.5:1) gave XV (1.89 g, 10.7 mmol, 93%) as a colorless oil and with an optical yield of 96% ee determined by optical rotation and derivatization with (1R)-(−)-MTPA-Cl. [α]_(D) ²¹=+83.0 (c=1.01; CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz): δ=1.59-1.66 (m, 1H, H-5_(a)), 1.69-1.77 (m, 1H, H-5_(b)), 1.86-1.97 (m, 2H, H-6_(a), H-6_(b)), 2.00-2.07 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 2.09-2.16 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 2.26 (m, 1H, OH), 4.20 (m, 1H, H-1), 6.19 (t, ³J=4.0 Hz, 1H, H-3).

Synthesis of Intermediate XVI:

XV (7.33 g, 41.4 mmol) was dissolved in Et₂O (43 ml) in a flame dried flask equipped with a dropping funnel. tert-BuLi (1.7 M in pentane, 133 mmol) was dropwise added at −78° C. over 1 h and 15 min. After complete addition, the clear yellowish mixture was stirred for further 1 h and 30 min at −78° C. and was then warmed up to −20° C. over 3 hrs and 15 min. The reaction was quenched by addition of satd. solution of NaHCO₃ (50 ml) and stirred for a further hour at room temperature. The reaction was diluted by addition of water (20 ml) and Et₂O (20 ml). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted twice with Et₂O (2×30 ml). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo (>200 mbar) to afford a yellow mixture (still presence of solvent) which was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/Et₂O, 2:1 to 1:1). The product was mostly concentrated in vacuo (>200 mbar), then the rest of the solvent was removed by distillation under argon with vigreux column to afford alcohol XVI (3.39 g, 34.6 mmol, 85%) as a clear brown oil. [α]_(D) ²¹=+117.7 (c=0.95; CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz): δ=1.53-1.64 (m, 3H, H-5_(a), H-6_(a), OH), 1.68-1.77 (m, 1H, H-5_(b)), 1.87 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 1.92-2.06 (m, 2H, H-4_(a), H-4_(b)), 4.19 (s, 1H, H-1), 5.74 (dd, ³J=2.4, 10.0 Hz, 1H, H-2), 5.82 (m, 1H, H-3).

Synthesis of Intermediate XVII:

Alcohol XVI (1.51 g, 15.3 mmol) was stirred in CH₂Cl₂ (35 ml) at room temperature. Trityl chloride (9.54 g, 34.2 mmol) was added to the mixture, then DBU (5.9 ml, 39.5 mmol) was added via syringe. The brown mixture was stirred for 45 h, then stopped. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) and washed with satd. solution of NaHCO₃ (50 ml). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with CH₂Cl₂ (2×25 ml). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to dryness. The resulting viscous brown oil was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/toluene, 11:1 to 4:1) affording tritylether XVII (3.72 g, 10.9 mmol, 71%) as a yellow solid. [α]_(D) ²¹=+74.6 (c=1.15; CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz): δ=1.31-1.41 (m, 3H, H-5_(a), H-6), 1.68-1.76 (m, 1H, H-5_(b)), 1.80 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 1.98 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 4.06 (s, 1H, H-1), 5.03 (m, 1H, H-2), 5.61 (m, 1H, H-3), 7.21-7.54 (m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₂₅H₂₄O (340.46): C 88.20; H, 7.10. found: C, 88.01; H, 7.29.

Synthesis of Intermediate Anti-XVIII:

Tritylether XVII (948 mg, 2.79 mmol) was dissolved under argon atmosphere in CH₂Cl₂ (30 ml) and NaHCO₃ (281 mg, 3.34 mmol) was added. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and under stirring m-chloroperbenzoic acid (70%, 960 mg, 5.56 mmol) was added. After stirring for 1.5 h the reaction temperature was gradually raised to room temperature and the mixture was stirred for another 3.5 h. The reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) and transferred to a separation funnel. The excess of m-chloroperbenzoic acid was destroyed by washing with satd. solution of Na₂S₂O₃ (2×150 ml). The organic layer was then successively washed with satd. Na₂CO₃ solution (150 ml) and brine (150 ml). The aqueous layers were each time extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 ml). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc, 20:1 to 15:1) affording epoxide anti-XVIII (714 mg, 2.00 mmol, 72%) as colorless solid. [α]_(D) ²¹=+26.6 (c=0.67; CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz): δ=1.02-1.11 (m, 1 H, H-5_(a)), 1.15-1.22 (m, 1H, H-6_(a)), 1.37-1.43 (m, 1H, H-5_(b)), 1.53 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 1.64-1.71 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 1.90 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 2.25 (m, 1H, H-2). 2.97 (m, 1H, H-3), 3.86 (m, 1H, H-1), 7.23-7.53 (m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₂₅H₂₄O₂ (356.46): C, 84.24; H, 6.79. found: C, 83.86; H, 6.85.

Synthesis of Intermediate XIX:

Copper(I) iodide (499 mg, 2.62 mmol) was dried at high vacuo at 200° C. for 30 minutes, then flushed with argon and suspended in dry diethylether (10 ml). After cooling to −20° C. MeLi (1.6 M in ether, 3.26 ml, 5.22 mmol) was slowly added and the solution was stirred for 15 minutes. A solution of epoxide anti-XVIII (310 mg, 0.870 mmol) in diethylether (7 ml) was added to the cuprate. After stirring for 30 minutes at −20° C. the reaction mixture was slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for one week. The reaction was diluted with tert-butyl methyl ether (10 ml) and quenched at 0° C. with satd. solution of NaHCO₃ (10 ml). The reaction mixture was further diluted and extracted with tert-butyl methyl ether and satd. solution of NaHCO₃ (each 20 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted twice with tert-butyl methyl ether (2×50 ml). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc/Et₃N, 13:1:0.07) to yield XIX (206 mg, 64%) as yellowish resin. [α]_(D) ²¹=−57.6 (c=0.52; CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz): δ=0.78 (m, 1H, H-5_(a)), 0.94 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 1.00 (d, ³J=6.4 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.17 (m, 1H, H-3), 1.32 (m, 1H, H-6_(a)), 1.40 (m, 1H, H-5_(b)), 1.46-1.49 (m, 2H, H-4_(b), H-6_(b)), 2.67 (s, 1H, OH), 2.83 (ddd, ³J=4.1, 8.6, 11.1 Hz, 1H, H-1), 3.32 (t, ³J=9.2 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.21-7.30, 7.49-7.50 (m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₂₆H₂₈O₂ (372.51): C, 83.83; H, 7.58. found: C, 83.51; H, 7.56.

Synthesis of Intermediate XX:

A solution of Br₂ (43 μl, 0.837 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 ml) was added dropwise at 0° C. to a solution of ethyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-L-fucothiopyranoside (349 mg, 0.729 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml). After stirring for 50 min at 0° C., cyclohexene (100 μl) was added and the solution stirred for another 20 min. The mixture was dropwise added to a solution of XIX (208 mg, 0.558 mmol) and Et₄NBr (154 mg, 0.733 mmol) in DMF/CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml, 1:1) which has been stirred with activated 3 Å molecular sieves (850 mg) for 2 h. The mixture was stirred for 14 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with pyridine (1 ml) and filtered over celite with addition of CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml). The solution was washed with brine (40 ml) and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 ml). The combined organic phases were dried with Na₂SO₄, the solvent was removed azeotropic with toluene, and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (petroleum ether/toluene/ethyl acetate/Et₃N, 20:5:1:0.26) to afford 254 mg (58%, 0.322 mmol) of XX as colorless foam. [α]_(D) ²¹=−36.4 (c=0.51; CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz): δ=0.81 (d, ³J=6.5 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.05 (m, 1H, H-6_(a)), 1.18 (d, ³J=7.6 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.15-1.28 (m, 2H, H-4_(a), H-5_(a)), 1.34 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 1.75 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 1.85-1.90 (m, 2H, H-3, H-5_(b)), 2.91 (m, 1H, H-2), 3.52 (m, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.64 (m, 1H, Fuc H-5), 3.76 (dd, ³J=2.7, 10.1 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 3.81 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.88 (dd, ³J=3.6, 10.1 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-2), 4.54 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 4.61 (d, 1H, Fuc H-1), 4.61, 4.64, 4.65, 4.77, 4.92 (5 m, 5H, 3 CH₂Ph), 7.17-7.34, 7.48-7.50 (m, 30H, 6 C₆H₅).

Synthesis of Intermediate XXI:

To a stirred solution of tritylether XX (241 mg, 0.305 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 ml), ZnBr₂ (208 mg, 0.924 mmol) and triethylsilane (55 μl, 0.344 mmol) was added. The reaction was quenched after 8 h by adding 100 μl water. CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) was added and the reaction mixture extracted with satd. solution of NaHCO₃ (30 ml). After separation the aqueous layer was extracted twice with DCM (2×20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with satd. solution of NaHCO₃ (50 ml) and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with DCM (2×50 ml). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatographic purification of the crude product (petroleum ether/toluene/ethyl acetate, 5:5:1) gave 140 mg (84%, 0.256 mmol) of XXI as yellowish solid.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−35.0 (c=0.45; CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz): δ=0.98 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 1.08 (d, ³J=6.4 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.16 (d, ³J=6.5 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.22-1.30 (m, 2H, H-5_(a), H-6_(a)), 1.51 (m, 1H, H-3), 1.61-1.67 (m, 2H, H-4_(b), H-5_(b)), 2.00 (m, 1 H, H-6_(b)), 2.87 (t, ³J=9.3 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.37 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.70 (m, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.97 (dd, ³J=2.7, 10.2 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 4.10-4.14 (m, 2H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-5), 4.65, 4.70, 4.76, 4.77, 4.86, 4.99 (6 m, 6H, 3 CH₂Ph), 5.00 (d, 1H, Fuc H-1), 7.25-7.39 (m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₃₄H₄₂O₆ (546.69): C 74.70; H, 7.74. found: C, 74.68; H, 7.80.

Synthesis of Intermediate XXII:

Dry CH₂Cl₂ (8 ml) was added to a mixture of the thioglycoside (254 mg, 0.325 mmol), the glycosyl acceptor XXI (137 mg, 0.251 mmol) and activated 4 Å molecular sieves (2 g) under argon atmosphere. A suspension of DMTST (206 mg, 0.798 mmol) and activated 4 Å molecular sieves (1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ was prepared in a second flask. Both suspensions were stirred at room temperature for 4 h, before adding the DMTST suspension via syringe to the other suspension. The reaction was stopped after 43 h and filtered through celite, washing with CH₂Cl₂. The filtrate was successively washed with satd. solution of NaHCO₃ (20 ml) and water (60 ml). The aqueous layers were each time extracted with DCM (3×30 ml). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/toluene/ethyl acetate, 7:7:1 to 5:5:1) to afford 187 mg (59%, 0.148 mmol) of XXII as colorless foam. [α]_(D) ²¹=−51.0 (c=0.51; CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz): δ=0.45-1.46 (m, 19H, CyCH₂, MeCy), 1.04 (d, ³J=6.3 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.44 (d, ³J=6.4 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.86 (m, 1H, MeCy), 3.21 (t, ³J=9.1 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.48 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.51 (s, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.82 (dd, ³J=3.3, 9.9 Hz, 1H, Gal H-3), 3.91 (m, 1H, Gal H-5), 4.02 (dd, ³J=3.3, 10.3 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-2), 4.05 (dd, ³J=2.3, 10.3 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 4.12 (dd, ³J=4.6, 7.9 Hz, 1H, Lac H-2), 4.24 (dd, ³J=7.2 Hz, ²J=11.4 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(a)), 4.26 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 4.38 (dd, ³J=5.7 Hz, ²J=11.4 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(b)), 4.51 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 4.54 (d, ³J=8.2 Hz, 1H, Gal H-1), 4.63, 4.67, 4.74, 4.77 (4 m, 4H, 2 CH₂Ph), 4.88 (m, 1H, Fuc H-5), 5.05 (m, 1 H, CH₂Ph), 5.06 (d, ³J=3.5 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 5.11 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 5.60 (m, 1H, Gal H-2), 5.84 (m, 1H, Gal H-4), 7.17-7.34, 7.42-7.46, 7.52-7.58, 8.03-8.12 (m, 35 H, 7 C₆H₅); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₇₇H₈₄O₁₆ (1265.48): C, 73.08; H, 6.69. found: C, 73.16; H, 6.76.

Synthesis of Product XXIII:

Pd/C (50 mg, 10% Pd) was suspended under argon atmosphere in ethanol (3 ml) with a catalytic amount of acetic acid. Compound XXII (101 mg, 79.8 μmol) was added and the resulting mixture was hydrogenated under 70 psi at room temperature. After 1 day another 50 mg of Pd/C were added and hydrogenation was continued for another 5 days. The reaction was quenched with CH₂Cl₂ and filtered on celite, washing with methanol. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum, redissolved in methanol/water (3:1, 4 ml) and lithium hydroxide (100 mg, 4.18 mmol) was added. After 2 days stirring the mixture was neutralized with Dowex 50×8 (H⁺), filtered through a Dowex 50 ion exchanger column (Na⁺ form) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/methanol/water, 5:1:0.1 to 5:2.5:0.25), followed by Sephadex G15 column and lyophilization from dioxane to give 36.5 mg (74%, 59.4 μmol) of XXIII as colorless foam. [α]_(D) ²¹=−84.8 (c=0.32; MeOH); ¹H-NMR (MeOD, 500.1 MHz): δ=0.87-1.00 (m, 2H, CyCH₂, MeCy), 1.04-1.38 (m, 6H, CyCH₂, MeCy), 1.13 (d, ³J=6.3 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.20 (d, ³J=6.5 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.55-1.74 (m, 10H, CyCH₂, MeCy), 1.92 (m, 1H), 2.13 (m, 1H, MeCy), 3.20 (t, ³J=9.3 Hz, 1 H, H-2), 3.24 (dd, ³J=2.8, 9.3 Hz, 1H, Gal H-3), 3.42 (m, 1H, Gal H-5), 3.62-3.68 (m, 3H, Gal H-2, Gal H-6_(a), H-1), 3.70-3.75 (m, 3H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-4, Gal H-6_(b)), 3.85 (dd, ³J=3.3, 10.3 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 3.88 (m, 1H, Gal H-4) 4.07 (dd, ³J=3.1, 9.3 Hz, 1H, Lac H-2), 4.29 (d, ³J=7.8 Hz, 1H, Gal H-1), 4.89 (m, 1H, Fuc H-5), 5.00 (d, ³J=3.9 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₂₈H₄₇NaO₁₃.1H₂O (614.65+18.02): C, 53.16; H, 7.81. found: C, 53.22; H, 7.91.

Example 3 {(1R,2R,3S)-2-[(6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-3-ethyl-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (A-VIII; FIG. 3)

General Procedure A for Nucleophilic Opening of Epoxide A-I with Cuprate Reagents.

CuCN (3.81 mmol) was dried in vacuo at 150° C. for 30 min, suspended in dry THF (10 mL) and cooled to −78° C. A solution of the appropriate organo lithium compound (7.63 mmol) was slowly added via syringe and the temperature was raised over a period of 30 min to −20° C. and the mixture stirred at this temperature for 10 min. The mixture was cooled to −78° C. followed by the addition of freshly distilled BF₃ etherate (1.53 mmol) in THF (2 mL). After stirring for 20 min, epoxide A-I (0.761 mmol) dissolved in THF (8 mL) was added. The reaction was slowly warmed to −50° C. over 5 h and then stirred at this temperature for 24 h. After slowly warming the reaction to −30° C. over another 21 h the reaction was quenched with a 25% aq. NH₃/satd. NH₄Cl (1:9, 20 mL) solution. The mixture was transferred with Et₂O (30 mL) into a separation funnel and extracted with additional 25% aq. NH₃/satd. NH₄Cl (1:9, 30 mL) solution. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL). The aqueous layers were extracted with Et₂O (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/Et₂O, 20:1 to 13:1, +1% Et₃N) to afford the corresponding GlcNAc mimic.

General Procedure B for α-Fucosylation and Detritylation.

A solution of Br₂ (0.837 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was added dropwise at 0° C. to a solution of ethyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-L-fucopyranoside (A-III, 0.729 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL). After stirring for 50 min at 0° C., cyclohexene (100 μL) was added and the solution stirred for another 20 min. The mixture was added dropwise to a solution of the appropriate GlcNAc mimic (0.558 mmol) and Et₄NBr (0.733 mmol) in DMF/CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL, 1:1), which has been stirred with activated 3 Å molecular sieves (850 mg) for 2 h. The mixture was stirred for 14 h at r.t. The reaction was quenched with pyridine (1 mL) and filtered over celite with addition of CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). The solution was washed with brine (40 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). The combined organic phases were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvents were removed azeotropically with toluene. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (petroleum ether/diethyl ether, 12:1 to 7:1, +1% Et₃N) to afford the fucosylated tritylether. To a stirred solution of the tritylether (0.305 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL), ZnBr₂ (0.924 mmol) and triethylsilane (0.344 mmol) were added. The reaction was quenched after 8 h by adding water (100 μL). CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added and the reaction mixture extracted with satd. aqueous NaHCO₃ (30 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with satd. aqueous NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatographic purification of the crude product (petroleum ether/toluene/ethyl acetate, 7:7:1 to 4:4:1) afforded the corresponding disaccharide mimic.

General Procedure C for DMTST Promoted Glycosylations.

A solution of the thioglycoside A-VI (0.292 mmol) and the appropriate glycosyl acceptor (0.225 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) was added via syringe to activated 3 Å molecular sieves (2 g) under argon. A suspension of dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium triflate (DMTST) (0.685 mmol) and activated 3 Å molecular sieves (1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was prepared in a second flask. Both suspensions were stirred at r.t. for 4 h, then the DMTST suspension was added via syringe to the other suspension with some additional CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml). The reaction was stopped after 2 d, filtered through celite and the celite washed with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The filtrate was successively washed with satd. aqueous NaHCO₃ (25 mL) and water (40 mL). The aqueous layers were extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/toluene/ethyl acetate, 10:10:1 to 5:5:1) to afford the corresponding tetrasaccharide mimic as a colorless foam.

General Procedure D for Deprotection with Pd(OH)₂/C and Sodium Methoxide.

Pd(OH)₂/C (50 mg, 10% Pd) was suspended under argon in dioxane/H₂O (4:1, 3.75 mL). The appropriate protected compound (77.7 μmol) was added and the resulting mixture was hydrogenated under 70 psi at r.t. After 24 h the mixture was filtered through celite and reacted with fresh Pd(OH)₂/C (50 mg) for additional 48 h, until TLC control indicated completion of the reaction. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and evaporated to dryness. The residue was redissolved in methanol (5 mL) and sodium methoxide (0.194 mmol in 190 μl MeOH) was added. After stirring at r.t. for 16 h the reaction was quenched by addition of acetic acid (22 μL). The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative, reversed-phase HPLC to afford the corresponding antagonists as colorless solids.

(1R,2R,3R)-3-Ethenyl-1-O-triphenylmethyl-cyclohexane-1,2-diol (A-II)

A vinyl lithium solution was generated in situ by treating a solution of tetravinyl tin (409 μL, 2.25 mmol) in THF (3 mL) with nBuLi (2.5 M in hexane, 3.35 mL, 8.38 mmol) during 30 min at 0° C. CuCN (373 mg, 4.16 mmol) in THF (8 mL) was treated with the vinyl lithium solution and BF₃ etherate (209 μL, 1.66 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) according to general procedure A. Epoxide A-I (296 mg, 0.830 mmol) in THF (8 mL) was slowly added and the reaction slowly warmed to −30° C. (−78° C.: 15 min; −78° C. to −50° C.: 1.5 h; −50°: 13 h; −50° C. to −30° C.: 1.5 h; −30° C.: 24 h). Work-up and purification according to general procedure A yielded A-II (258 mg, 81%) as a yellowish resin.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−33.7 (c=0.53, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.84 (m, 1H, H-5_(a)), 1.15 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 1.32 (m, 1H, H-6_(a)), 1.43-1.55 (m, 3H, H-5_(b), H-6_(b), H-4_(b)), 1.81 (m, 1H, H-3), 2.66 (s, 1H, OH), 2.91 (ddd, ³J=3.9, 8.6, 11.3 Hz, 1H, H-1), 3.51 (t, ³J=9.3 Hz, 1H, H-2), 5.02 (A of ABX, ³J_(A,X)=10.4 Hz, ²J_(A,B)=1.7 Hz, ³J_(A,3)=0.7 Hz, 1H, vinyl H_(A)), 5.04 (B of ABX, ³J_(B,X)=17.2 Hz, ²J_(A,B)=1.7 Hz, ³J_(B,3)=1.1 Hz, 1H, vinyl H_(B)), 5.83 (X of ABX, ³J_(A,X)=10.4 Hz, ³J_(B,X)=17.2 Hz, ³J_(X,3)=7.6 Hz, 1H, vinyl H_(X)), 7.21-7.31, 7.48-7.50 (2 m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 23.18 (C-5), 30.39 (C-4), 32.21 (C-6), 47.30 (C-3), 76.74 (C-2), 78.53 (C-1), 114.77 (vinyl C), 127.11, 127.77, 128.75, 145.07 (18 C, 3 C₆H₅), 140.57 (vinyl C); IR (film on NaCl) v: 3577 (m, OH), 3059 (m), 2932 (vs), 2860 (s), 1641 (vw), 1597 (vw), 1489 (s), 1448 (s), 1278 (m), 1225 (m), 1152 (w), 1064 (vs), 991 (s), 915 (m) cm⁻¹; elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₂₇H₂₈O₂ (384.51): C, 84.34; H, 7.34. found: C, 84.15; H, 7.33.

[(1R,2R,3R)-3-Ethenyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-yl]2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranoside (A-IV)

According to general procedure B, A-III (205 mg, 0.428 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL) was treated with a solution of Br₂ (25.5 μL, 0.496 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) for 40 min at 0° C. After destroying the excess of bromine, the fucosyl bromide solution was added to a solution of A-II (126 mg, 0.329 mmol) and Et₄NBr (90.8 mg, 0.432 mmol) in DMF/CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL, 1:1), which has been stirred with activated 3 Å molecular sieves (500 mg) for 4 h. The reaction was stirred for 67 h at r.t. and then quenched with pyridine (1 mL). Work-up and purification according to general procedure B yielded the tritylether (213 mg). To a stirred solution of the tritylether in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL), ZnBr₂ (179 mg, 0.793 mmol) and triethylsilane (63 μL, 0.397 mmol) were added. The reaction was quenched after 2 h by adding H₂O (100 μL). Work-up and purification according to general procedure B yielded A-IV (110 mg, 60% over two steps) as a colorless solid.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−22.1 (c=0.52, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 1.15 (d, ³J_(F6,F5)=6.5 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.17 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 1.26-1.30 (m, 2H, H-5_(a), H-6_(a)), 1.72 (m, 1H, H-5_(b)), 1.78 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 2.02 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 2.13 (m, 1H, H-3), 3.04 (t, ³J=9.5 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.45 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.69 (m, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.98 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=2.6 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.1 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 4.10 (dd, ³J_(F1,F2)=3.6 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.1 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-2), 4.12 (m, 1H, Fuc H-5), 4.65, 4.70, 4.76, 4.78, (4 m, 4H, 2 CH₂Ph), 4.85 (m, 2H, CH₂Ph, vinyl H), 4.98 (m, 1H, vinyl H), 4.99 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 5.03 (d, ³J_(F1,F2)=3.6 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 6.25 (m, 1H, vinyl H), 7.27-7.40 (m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 16.55 (Fuc C-6), 22.81 (C-5), 29.67 (C-4), 32.39 (C-6), 44.33 (C-3), 67.56 (Fuc C-5), 72.97, 73.01 (CH₂Ph, C-1), 73.38, 74.85 (2 CH₂Ph), 76.41 (Fuc C-2), 77.54 (Fuc C-4), 78.86 (Fuc C-3), 90.26 (C-2), 97.98 (Fuc C-1), 113.46 (vinyl C), 127.43, 127.48, 127.53, 127.63, 127.82, 128.23, 128.36 (18 C, 3 C₆H₅), 140.43 (vinyl C), IR (KBr) v: 3429 (s, OH), 3065 (w), 3031 (w), 2932 (s), 2866 (s), 1636 (vw), 1497 (w), 1454 (m), 1348 (m), 1308 (w), 1246 (vw), 1212 (w), 1161 (s), 1138 (s), 1101 (vs), 1064 (vs), 1027 (vs), 953 (m), 911 (w) cm⁻¹; elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₃₅H₄₂O₆ (558.70): C, 75.24; H, 7.58. found: C, 74.91; H, 7.55.

[(1R,2R,3S)-3-Ethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-yl]2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranoside (A-V)

A solution of A-IV (90.0 mg, 0.161 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added to Pd/C (45.2 mg, 10% Pd) under argon. The mixture was hydrogenated under atmospheric pressure at r.t. After 30 min the reaction was filtered through celite, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (toluene/petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 7:7:1 to 5:5:1) to yield A-V (69.8 mg, 77%) as a colorless solid.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−37.2 (c=0.50, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.78 (t, ³J=7.5 Hz, 3H, CH₂CH₃), 0.88 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 1.06-1.26 (m, 3H, CH₂CH₃, H-5_(a), H-6_(a)), 1.16 (d, ³J_(F5,F6)=6.5 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.30 (m, 1H, H-3), 1.67 (m, 1 H, H-5_(b)), 1.79 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 1.99-2.07 (m, 2H, H-6_(b), CH₂CH₃), 2.96 (dd, ³J=8.6, 10.2 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.38 (ddd, ³J=4.8, 8.5, 10.6 Hz, 1H, H-1), 3.70 (m, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.98 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=2.7 Hz, ³J_(F3,F2)=10.2 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-5), 4.10-4.14 (m, 2H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-5), 4.66, 4.70, 4.77, 4.80, 4.84 (5 m, 5H, CH₂Ph), 4.89-5.00 (m, 2 H, Fuc H-1, CH₂Ph), 7.27-7.40 (m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 10.99 (CH₂CH₃), 16.60 (Fuc C-6), 23.09 (C-5), 24.17 (CH₂CH₃), 29.50 (C-4), 32.60 (C-6), 42.64 (C-3), 67.48 (Fuc C-5), 72.83, 73.13, 73.47 (C-1, 2 CH₂Ph), 74.84 (CH₂Ph), 76.32 (Fuc C-2), 77.37 (Fuc C-4), 78.86 (Fuc C-3), 91.07 (C-2), 98.31 (Fuc C-1), 127.40, 127.46, 127.50, 127.64, 127.80, 128.21, 128.33, 128.39, 138.31, 138.39, 138.70 (18 C, 3 C₆H₅); HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₃₅H₄₄NaO₆ [M+Na]⁺: 583.3030. found: 583.3018 (2.1 ppm).

{(1R,2R,3S)-2-[(2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-3-ethyl-cyclohex-1-yl}2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (A-VII)

According to general procedure C, thioglycoside A-VI (112 mg, 0.144 mmol) and glycosyl acceptor A-V (61.6 mg, 0.110 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) were added via syringe to activated 3 Å molecular sieves (1 g). A suspension of DMTST (87.0 mg, 0.337 mmol) and activated 3 Å molecular sieves (500 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was prepared in a second flask. Both suspensions were stirred at r.t. for 4 h, then the DMTST suspension was added via syringe to the other suspension with some additional CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). The reaction was stopped after 49.5 h and work-up and purification according to general procedure C afforded A-VII (110 mg, 78%) as a colorless foam.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−51.5 (c=0.42, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.45-1.61 (m, 20H, CyCH₂, EtCy), 0.75 (t, ³J=7.3 Hz, 3H, CH₂CH₃), 1.41 (d, ³J_(F5,F6)=6.4 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.84 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 1.92 (m, 1H, CH₂CH₃), 3.31 (t, ³J=8.7 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.49-3.52 (m, 2H, H-1, Fuc H-4), 3.82 (dd, ³J_(G3,G4)=3.2 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.8 Hz, 1H, Gal H-3), 3.92 (m, 1H, Gal H-5), 3.99-4.05 (m, 2H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-3), 4.12 (dd, ³J=4.6, 7.9 Hz, 1H, Lac H-2), 4.25 (dd, ³J_(G5,G6a)=7.2 Hz, ³J_(G6a,G6b)=11.4 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(a)), 4.28 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 4.39 (dd, ³J_(G5,G6b)=5.7 Hz, ³J_(G6a,G6b)=11.4 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(b)), 4.51-4.55 (m, 2H, CH₂Ph, Gal H-1), 4.63, 4.65, 4.75, 4.78 (4 m, 4H, CH₂Ph), 4.81 (m, 1H, Fuc H-5), 4.98 (d, ³J_(F1,F2)=2.8 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 5.04, 5.11 (2 m, 2H, CH₂Ph), 5.60 (m, 1H, Gal H-2), 5.84 (m, 1 H, Gal H-4), 7.17-7.33, 7.42-7.46, 7.52-7.58, 8.04-8.12 (4 m, 35H, 7 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 10.94 (CH₂CH₃), 16.82 (Fuc C-6), 23.18 (CH₂CH₃), 22.11, 25.45, 25.71, 26.07, 27.89, 30.41, 32.60, 33.19, 33.40, 40.49 (10 C, EtCy, CyCH₂), 44.71 (C-3), 62.50 (Gal C-6), 66.35 (Fuc C-5), 66.64 (CH₂Ph), 70.17 (Gal C-4), 71.40 (Gal C-5), 72.07 (CH₂Ph), 72.17 (Gal C-2), 74.29, 74.91 (2 CH₂Ph), 76.42 (Fuc C-2), 78.06 (Gal C-3), 78.38 (Lac C-2), 79.22, 79.27 (Fuc C-4, C-2), 79.77 (Fuc C-3), 80.95 (C-1), 97.96 (Fuc C-1), 100.05 (Gal C-1), 126.94, 127.06, 127.21, 127.39, 127.77, 128.05, 128.10, 128.38, 128.44, 128.50, 128.54, 129.66, 129.93, 133.03, 133.17, 133.27, 135.40, 138.64, 139.01, 139.17 (42 C, 7 C₆H₅), 164.58, 166.11, 166.22, 172.48 (4 C═O); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₇₈H₈₆O₁₆ (1279.51)+½H₂O: C, 72.20; H, 6.84. found: C, 72.37; H, 6.82; HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₇₈H₈₆NaO₁₆ [M+Na]⁺: 1301.5808. found: 1301.5855 (3.6 ppm).

{(1R,2R,3S)-2-[(6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-3-ethyl-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (A-VIII; FIG. 3)

A-VII (38.2 mg, 29.9 μmol) was hydrogenated with Pd(OH)₂/C (50 mg, 10% Pd) in dioxane/H₂O (4:1, 3.75 mL) according to general procedure D. After 24 h the reaction mixture was filtered through celite and evaporated to dryness. The residue was redissolved in methanol (5 mL) and sodium methoxide (74.6 μmol in 73 μl MeOH) was added. After stirring at r.t. for 16 h the reaction was quenched by addition of acetic acid (8.5 μL). The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative, reversed-phase HPLC to afford A-VIII (16.3 mg, 77%) as a colorless solid.

[α]D²¹=−89.3 (c=0.47, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (MeOD, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.55-1.69 (m, 20H, CyCH₂, EtCy), 0.83 (t, ³J=7.3 Hz, 3H, CH₂CH₃), 1.32 (d, ³J=6.6 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.90 (m, 1H, CH₂CH₃), 1.99 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 3.24 (t, ³J=8.9 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.57 (m, 1H, Gal H-5), 3.62 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.67 (dd, ³J_(G3,G4)=3.0 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.8 Hz, 1H, Gal H-3), 3.70-3.75 (m, 3H, Gal H-6_(a), Fuc H-2, Fuc H-4), 3.79 (dd, ³J_(G5,G6b)=6.9 Hz, ²J_(G6a,G6b)=11.3 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(b)), 3.86 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=3.3 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.3 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 3.97 (m, 1H, Gal H-4), 4.07 (dd, ³J=3.0, 9.8 Hz, 1H, Lac H-2), 4.67 (d, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.1 Hz, 1H, Gal H-1), 4.90 (m, 1H, Fuc H-5), 4.91 (m, 1H, Fuc H-1), 5.43 (dd, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.3 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.4 Hz, 1H, Gal H-2), 7.49-7.52, 7.61-7.64, 8.08-8.09 (3 m, 5H, C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (MeOD, 125.8 MHz) δ: 11.12 (CH₂CH₃), 16.72 (Fuc C-6), 23.39, 24.59, 26.54, 26.72, 27.27, 29.47, 31.86, 33.14, 34.20, 35.06, 42.76 (11 C, EtCy, CH₂Cy), 45.96 (C-3), 62.68 (Gal C-6), 67.77 (Fuc C-5), 67.83 (Gal C-4), 70.30 (Fuc C-2), 71.38 (Fuc C-3), 73.12 (Gal C-2), 73.92 (Fuc C-4), 75.90 (Gal C-5), 77.94 (Lac C-2), 80.77 (C-1), 81.11 (C-2), 83.55 (Gal C-3), 100.20 (Fuc C-1), 100.52 (Gal C-1), 129.67, 130.84, 131.63, 134.37 (6 C, C₆H₅), 166.79 (C═O), 178.76 (CO₂H); HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₃₆H₅₄NaO₁₄ [M+Na]⁺: 733.3406. found: 733.3409 (0.4 ppm).

Example 4 {(1R,2R,3R)-3-cyclopropyl-2-[(6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (B-IV; FIG. 4) (1R,2R,3R)-3-Cyclopropyl-1-O-triphenylmethyl-cyclohexane-1,2-diol (B-I)

A cPrLi solution was generated in situ by treating a solution of bromocyclopropane (370 μL, 4.63 mmol) in THF (4 mL) with tBuLi (1.7 M in pentane, 5.45 mL, 9.27 mmol) during 80 min at −78° C. CuCN (210 mg, 2.34 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was treated with the cPrLi solution and BF₃ etherate (115 μL, 0.914 mmol) in THF (1 mL) according to general procedure A. Epoxide A-I (165 mg, 0.463 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was slowly added and the reaction slowly warmed to −30° C. (−78° C.: 1.5 h; −78° C. to −50° C.: 1.5 h; −50°: 24 h; −50° C. to −30° C.: 40 min). Work-up and purification according to general procedure A yielded B-I (150.7 mg, 82%).

[α]_(D) ²¹=−38.8 (c=0.50, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H-NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 500.1 MHz) δ: −0.16 (m, 1H, cPr), 0.13-0.23 (m, 2H, cPr), 0.34-0.43 (m, 2H, cPr, H-3), 0.54-0.67 (m, 2H, cPr, H-5_(a)), 0.91 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 1.18 (m, 1H, H-6_(a)), 1.27-1.35 (m, 2H, H-5_(b), H-6_(b)), 1.44 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 2.52 (s, 1H, OH), 2.71 (ddd, ³J=4.1, 8.6, 11.0 Hz, 1H, H-1), 3.47 (t, ³J=9.1 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.15-7.23, 7.42-7.43 (2 m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 125.8 MHz) δ: 0.85, 4.26, 14.56 (3 C, cPr), 23.11 (C-5), 29.50 (C-4), 32.15 (C-6), 46.68 (C-3), 78.55 (C-2), 78.92 (C-1), 86.37 (OCPh₃), 127.07, 127.73, 128.82, 145.37 (18 C, 3 C₆H₅); IR (KBr) v: 3571 (m, OH), 3058 (w), 2930 (m), 2858 (m), 1596 (vw), 1490 (m), 1448 (s), 1284 (w), 1225 (w), 1152 (w), 1063 (vs), 926 (w), 844 (vw), 824 (vw), 761 (m), 746 (m), 707 (vs) cm⁻¹; elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₂₈H₃₀O₂ (398.54): C, 84.38; H, 7.59. found: C, 84.16; H, 7.78.

[(1R,2R,3R)-3-Cyclopropyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-yl]2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranoside (B-II)

According to general procedure B, A-III (223 mg, 0.466 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL) was treated with a solution of Br₂ (27.5 μL, 0.535 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) for 30 min at 0° C. After destroying the excess of bromine, the fucosyl bromide solution was added to a solution of B-I (142 mg, 0.356 mmol) and Et₄NBr (98.9 mg, 0.471 mmol) in DMF/CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL, 1:1), which has been stirred with activated 3 Å molecular sieves (1 g) for 4 h. The reaction was stirred for 67 h at r.t. and then quenched with pyridine (1 mL). Work-up and purification according to general procedure B yielded the tritylether (237 mg). To a stirred solution of the tritylether in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL), ZnBr₂ (193 mg, 0.859 mmol) and triethylsilane (70 μL, 0.441 mmol) were added. The reaction was quenched after 1.75 h by adding H₂O (100 μL). Work-up and purification according to general procedure B yielded B-II (136 mg, 67% over two steps) as a colorless solid.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−29.0 (c=0.65, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: −0.06 (m, 1H, cPr), 0.08 (m, 1H, cPr), 0.22 (m, 1H, cPr), 0.33 (m, 1H, cPr), 0.87 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 0.96 (m, 1H, cPr), 1.05-1.27 (m, 6H, Fuc H-6, H-3, H-5_(a), H-6_(a)), 1.54 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 1.64 (m, 1H, H-5_(b)), 1.96 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 3.11 (t, ³J=9.1 Hz, 1 H, H-2), 3.35 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.69 (m, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.98 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=2.5 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.1 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 4.11-4.16 (m, 2H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-5), 4.66-4.68 (m, 2H, CH₂Ph), 4.76, 4.77, 4.90, 5.01 (4 m, 4H, CH₂Ph), 5.14 (d, ³J_(F1,F2)=3.4 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 7.26-7.41 (m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 0.76, 4.93, 13.58 (3 C, cPr), 16.56 (Fuc C-6), 22.86 (C-5), 28.32 (C-4), 32.56 (C-6), 44.14 (C-3), 67.64 (Fuc C-5), 73.14, 73.19 (2 CH₂Ph), 73.95 (C-1), 74.85 (CH₂Ph), 76.74 (Fuc C-2), 77.68 (Fuc C-4), 78.63 (Fuc C-3), 92.33 (C-2), 99.20 (Fuc C-1), 127.42, 127.45, 127.50, 127.64, 128.18, 128.22, 128.35, 128.44, 138.44, 138.58, 138.90 (18 C, 3 C₆H₅); IR (KBr) v: 3426 (s, OH), 3031 (vw), 3004 (vw), 2933 (s), 1497 (vw), 1453 (m), 1348 (w), 1247 (vw), 1212 (vw), 1161 (m), 1136 (s), 1103 (vs), 1064 (vs), 1026 (vs), 957 (w), 911 (vw), 843 (vw), 736 (s), 696 (s) cm⁻¹; elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₃₆H₄₄O₆ (572.73): C, 75.50; H, 7.74. found: C 75.38; H, 7.75.

{(1R,2R,3R)-2-[(2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-3-cyclopropyl-cyclohex-1-yl}2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (B-III)

According to general procedure C, thioglycoside A-VI (228 mg, 0.292 mmol) and glycosyl acceptor B-II (129 mg, 0.225 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) were added via syringe to activated 3 Å molecular sieves (2 g). A suspension of DMTST (177 mg, 0.685 mmol) and activated 3 Å molecular sieves (1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was prepared in a second flask. Both suspensions were stirred at r.t. for 4 h, then the DMTST suspension was added via syringe to the other suspension with some additional CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL). The reaction was stopped after 48 h and work-up and purification according to general procedure C afforded B-III (253 mg, 87%) as a colorless foam.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−43.1 (c=0.61, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: −0.11 (m, 1H, cPr), 0.16 (m, 1H, cPr), 0.32-0.35 (m, 2H, cPr), 0.46-0.53 (m, 2H, CyCH₂), 0.64-1.46 (m, 18H, CyCH₂, Cy, cPr), 1.38 (d, ³J_(F5,F6)=6.4 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.80 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 3.52 (t, ³J=7.3 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.57 (s, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.62 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.84 (dd, ³J_(G3,G4)=2.8 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.8 Hz, 1H, Gal H-3), 3.93 (m, 1H, Gal H-5), 4.03 (dd, ³J_(F1,F2)=3.2 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.2 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-2), 4.07 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=1.7 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.4 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 4.13 (dd, ³J=4.5, 7.8 Hz, 1 H, Lac H-2), 4.32-4.40 (m, 3H, Gal H-6, CH₂Ph), 4.53 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 4.58 (d, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.1 Hz, 1H, Gal H-1), 4.62, 4.68 (2 m, 2H, CH₂Ph), 4.74-4.76 (m, 2H, Fuc H-5, CH₂Ph), 4.78 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 5.05, 5.11 (2 m, 2H, CH₂Ph), 5.35 (d, ³J_(F1,F2)=2.8 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 5.61 (m, 1H, Gal H-2), 5.87 (m, 1H, Gal H-4), 7.20-7.36, 7.42-7.44, 7.52-7.59, 8.03-8.14 (4 m, 35H, 7 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 3.06 (cPr), 5.26 (cPr), 13.55 (cPr), 16.81 (Fuc C-6), 20.97, 25.46, 25.72, 26.07, 27.71, 29.44, 32.62, 33.21, 33.40 (9 C, CyCH₂, Cy), 40.46 (Lac C-3), 45.35 (C-3), 62.50 (Gal C-6), 66.34 (Fuc C-5), 66.61 (CH₂Ph), 70.10 (Gal C-4), 71.49 (Gal C-5), 72.13 (CH₂Ph), 72.32 (Gal C-2), 74.22 (CH₂Ph), 74.87 (CH₂Ph), 76.15 (Fuc C-2), 77.97 (Gal C-3), 78.38 (Lac C-2), 78.82 (C-2), 79.13 (Fuc C-4), 79.66 (C-1), 79.83 (Fuc C-3), 97.02 (Fuc C-1), 99.60 (Gal C-1), 126.96, 127.05, 127.20, 127.38, 127.78, 128.05, 128.09, 128.37, 128.43, 128.47, 128.53, 129.61, 129.73, 129.89, 129.93, 129.96, 133.03, 133.16, 133.23, 135.44, 138.51, 138.95, 139.21 (42 C, 7 C₆H₅), 164.57, 165.98, 166.16, 172.43 (4 C═O); IR (KBr) v: 3064 (vw), 3032 (vw), 2927 (s), 2854 (w), 1731 (vs, C═O), 1602 (vw), 1497 (vw), 1452 (m), 1315 (m), 1267 (vs), 1176 (s), 1097 (vs), 1027 (vs), 840 (vw), 713 (vs) cm⁻¹; elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₇₉H₈₆O₁₆ (1291.52): C, 73.47; H, 6.71. found: C 73.32; H, 6.81.

{(1R,2R,3R)-3-cyclopropyl-2-[(6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (B-IV; FIG. 4)

B-III (100 mg, 77.7 μmol) was hydrogenated with Pd(OH)₂/C (52 mg, 10% Pd) in dioxane/H₂O (4:1, 3.75 mL) according to general procedure D. After 24 h the mixture was filtered through celite and hydrogenated with fresh Pd(OH)₂/C (50 mg) for another 48 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and evaporated to dryness. The residue was redissolved in methanol (5 mL) and sodium methoxide (194 μmol in 190 μl MeOH) was added. After stirring at r.t. for 16 h the reaction was quenched by addition of acetic acid (22 μL). The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative, reversed-phase HPLC to afford B-IV (40.5 mg, 72%) as a colorless solid.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−85.4 (c=0.75, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (MeOD, 500.1 MHz) δ: −0.04 (m, 1H, cPr), 0.33 (m, 1H, cPr), 0.45-0.52 (m, 2H, cPr), 0.56-1.65 (m, 20H, CyCH₂, cPrCy), 1.30 (d, ³J_(F5,F6)=6.6 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.94 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 3.45 (t, ³J=8.5 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.56 (m, 1H, Gal H-5), 3.62 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.66 (dd, ³J_(G3,G4)=3.1 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.8 Hz, 1H, Gal H-3), 3.71-3.74 (m, 2H, Gal H-6_(a), Fuc H-2), 3.78 (m, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.83 (dd, ³J_(G5,G6b)=7.1 Hz, ²J_(G6a,G6b)=11.4 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(b)), 3.95 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=3.3 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.2 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 3.97 (m, 1H, Gal H-4), 4.06 (dd, ³J=2.9, 9.8 Hz, 1H, Lac H-2), 4.66 (d, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.0 Hz, 1H, Gal H-1), 4.88 (m, 1H, Fuc H-5), 5.37 (d, ³J_(F1,F2)=3.9 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 5.39 (dd, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.1 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.6 Hz, 1H, Gal H-2), 7.49-7.52, 7.61-7.65, 8.07-8.09 (3 m, 5H, C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (MeOD, 125.8 MHz) δ: 3.96, 7.18, 15.53 (3 C, cPr), 16.72 (Fuc C-6), 22.94, 26.54, 26.73, 27.27, 30.78, 31.45 (6 C, CyCH₂, Cy), 33.13, 34.20, 35.07, 42.76 (4 C, CyCH₂), 48.49 (C-3), 62.72 (Gal C-6), 67.61 (Fuc C-5), 67.88 (Gal C-4), 70.24 (Fuc C-2), 71.34 (Fuc C-3), 73.16 (Gal C-2), 73.97 (Fuc C-4), 76.02 (Gal C-5), 78.01 (Lac C-2), 80.29 (C-1), 80.52 (C-2), 83.45 (Gal C-3), 98.97 (Fuc C-1), 100.41 (Gal C-1), 129.66, 130.82, 131.63, 134.36 (6 C, C₆H₅), 166.76 (C═O), 178.83 (CO₂H); HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₃₇H₅₄NaO₁₄ [M+Na]⁺: 745.3406. found: 745.3407 (0.1 ppm).

Example 5 {(1R,2R,3S)-3-butyl-2-[(6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside sodium salt (C-IV; FIG. 5) (1R,2R,3S)-3-Butyl-1-O-triphenylmethyl-cyclohexane-1,2-diol (C-I)

CuCN (342 mg, 3.81 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was treated with nBuLi (2.5 M in hexane, 3.05 mL, 7.63 mmol) and BF₃ etherate (192 μL, 1.53 mmol) in THF (2 mL) according to general procedure A. Epoxide A-I (271 mg, 0.761 mmol) in THF (8 mL) was slowly added and the reaction slowly warmed to −30° C. (−78° C.: 1 h; −78° C. to −50° C.: 4 h; −50°: 24 h; −50° C. to −30° C.: 21 h). Work-up and purification according to general procedure A yielded C-I (220 mg, 70%).

[α]_(D) ²¹=−37.8 (c=0.66, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.73 (m, 1H, H-5_(a)), 0.85 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 0.86 (t, ³J=7.2 Hz, 3H, H-10), 1.03-1.16 (m, 3 H, H-3, H-7_(a), H-8_(a)), 1.21-1.35 (m, 4H, H-6_(a), H-8_(b), H-9_(a), H-9_(b)), 1.38-1.49 (m, 2H, H-5_(b), H-6_(b)), 1.61 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 1.75 (m, 1H, H-7_(b)), 2.70 (s, 1H, OH), 2.82 (ddd, ³J=4.0, 8.6, 11.2 Hz, 1H, H-1), 3.40 (t, ³J=9.0 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.21-7.30, 7.48-7.50 (2 m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 14.11 (C-10), 23.10 (C-9), 23.37 (C-5), 28.73 (C-8), 29.38 (C-4), 32.05 (C-7), 32.30 (C-6), 42.45 (C-3), 77.62 (C-2), 79.05 (C-1), 86.43 (CPh₃), 127.05, 127.74, 128.70, 145.12 (18 C, 3 C₆H₅); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₂₉H₃₄O₂ (414.58): C, 84.02; H, 8.27. found: C, 84.05; H, 8.27.

[(1R,2R,3S)-3-Butyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-yl]2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranoside (C-II)

According to general procedure B, A-III (308 mg, 0.644 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was treated with a solution of Br₂ (38 μL, 0.740 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) for 30 min at 0° C. After destroying the excess of bromine, the fucosyl bromide solution was added to a solution of C-I (205 mg, 0.495 mmol) and Et₄NBr (137 mg, 0.650 mmol) in DMF/CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL, 1:1), which has been stirred with activated 3 Å molecular sieves (700 mg) for 3.5 h. The reaction was stirred for 67 h at r.t. and then quenched with pyridine (1 mL). Work-up and purification according to the general procedure B yielded the tritylether (283 mg) as a yellowish resin. To a stirred solution of the tritylether in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL), ZnBr₂ (229 mg, 1.02 mmol) and triethylsilane (81 μL, 0.510 mmol) were added. The reaction was quenched after 1.25 h by adding H₂O (100 μL). Work-up and purification according to general procedure B yielded C-II (161 mg, 55% over two steps) as a colorless solid.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−21.3 (c=0.56, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.82 (t, ³J=7.0 Hz, 3H, H-10), 0.86 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 0.98 (m, 1H, H-7_(a)), 1.15 (d, ³J_(F5,F6)=6.5 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.09-1.37 (m, 7H, H-3, H-5_(a), H-6_(a), H-8_(a), H-8_(b), H-9_(a), H-9_(b)), 1.66 (m, 1H, H-5_(b)), 1.81 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 1.98 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 2.10 (m, 1H, H-7_(b)), 2.94 (t, ³J=9.3 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.36 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.68 (m, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.98 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=2.6 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.2 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 4.09-4.14 (m, 2H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-5), 4.65, 4.70, 4.75, 4.78, 4.85 (5 m, 5H, 3 CH₂Ph), 4.98-5.00 (m, 2H, Fuc H-1, 1 CH₂Ph), 7.25-7.39 (m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 14.11 (C-10), 16.57 (Fuc C-6), 22.72 (C-9), 23.19 (C-5), 29.03 (C-8), 30.26 (C-4), 31.24 (C-7), 32.55 (C-6), 41.18 (C-3), 67.54 (Fuc C-5), 72.97 (CH₂Ph), 73.26 (C-1), 73.39 (CH₂Ph), 74.84 (CH₂Ph), 76.38 (Fuc C-2), 77.60 (Fuc C-4), 78.80 (Fuc C-3), 91.47 (C-2), 98.31 (Fuc C-1), 127.40, 127.45, 127.52, 127.61, 127.86, 128.20, 128.21, 128.33, 128.38, 138.32, 138.44, 138.79 (18 C, 3 C₆H₅); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₃₇H₄₈O₆ (588.77): C, 75.48; H, 8.22. found: C, 75.55; H, 8.28.

{(1R,2R,3S)-2-[(2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-3-butyl-cyclohex-1-yl}2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (C-III)

According to general procedure C, thioglycoside A-VI (218 mg, 0.279 mmol) and glycosyl acceptor C-II (126 mg, 0.215 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) were added via syringe to activated 3 Å molecular sieves (2 g). A suspension of DMTST (166 mg, 0.644 mmol) and activated 3 Å molecular sieves (1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was prepared in a second flask. Both suspensions were stirred at r.t. for 4.5 h, then the DMTST suspension was added via syringe to the other suspension with some additional CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL). The reaction was stopped after 65.5 h and work-up and purification according to general procedure C afforded C-III (224 mg, 80%) as a colorless foam.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−46.7 (c=0.49, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.45-1.84 (m, 26H, CyCH₂, nBuCy), 0.80 (d, ³J=6.8 Hz, 3H, nBu), 1.40 (d, ³J=6.5 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 3.36 (t, ³J=8.5 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.52 (s, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.54 (m, 1 H, H-1), 3.83 (dd, ³J_(G3,G4)=3.0 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.8 Hz, 1H, Gal H-3), 3.92 (m, 1H, Gal H-5), 4.01 (dd, ³J_(F1,F2)=3.2 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.3 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-2), 4.04 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=2.0 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.4 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 4.13 (dd, ³J=4.6, 7.8 Hz, 1H, Lac H-2), 4.28 (dd, ³J_(G5,G6a)=6.7 Hz, ²J_(G6a,G6b)=11.4 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(a)), 4.28 (m, 1 H, CH₂Ph), 4.39 (dd, ³J_(G5,G6b)=5.8 Hz, ²J_(G6a,G6b)=11.4 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(b)), 4.52 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 4.56 (d, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.1 Hz, 1H, Gal H-1), 4.65, 4.68, 4.74, 4.76 (4 m, 4 H, CH₂Ph), 4.79 (m, 1H, Fuc H-5), 5.01 (d, ³J_(F1,F2)=3.0 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 5.05, 5.11 (2 m, 2H, CH₂Ph), 5.61 (m, 1H, Gal H-2), 5.85 (m, 1H, Gal H-4), 7.20-7.36, 7.42-7.46, 7.52-7.59, 8.04-8.13 (4 m, 35H, 7 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 14.26 (CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 16.81 (Fuc C-6), 21.84, 22.95, 25.46, 25.71, 26.07, 28.34, 28.55, 30.20, 30.39, 32.61, 33.19, 33.39, 40.48, 42.80 (14 C, CyCH₂, nBuCy), 62.52 (Gal C-6), 66.37 (Fuc C-5), 66.63 (CH₂Ph), 70.15 (Gal C-4), 71.45 (Gal C-5), 72.11 (CH₂Ph), 72.21 (Gal C-2), 73.89, 74.92 (2 CH₂Ph), 76.17 (Fuc C-2), 78.05 (Gal C-3), 78.38 (Lac C-2), 78.76 (C-2), 79.23 (Fuc C-4), 79.75 (Fuc C-3), 80.79 (C-1), 97.71 (Fuc C-1), 100.03 (Gal C-1), 126.95, 127.04, 127.21, 127.30, 127.80, 128.04, 128.09, 128.15, 128.39, 128.44, 128.48, 128.49, 128.54, 129.66, 129.71, 129.75, 129.92, 129.94, 133.03, 133.16, 133.25, 135.42, 138.70, 138.99, 139.16 (42 C, 7 C₆H₅), 164.56, 166.09, 166.21, 172.47 (4 C═O); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₈₀H₉₀O₁₆ (1307.58): C, 73.49; H, 6.94. found: C, 73.16, H 6.93.

{(1R,2R,3S)-3-butyl-2-[(6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside sodium salt (C-IV; FIG. 5)

C-III (100 mg, 76.5 μmol) was hydrogenated with Pd(OH)₂/C (50 mg, 10% Pd) in dioxane/H₂O (4:1, 3.75 mL) according to general procedure D. After 19 h the mixture was filtered through celite and hydrogenated with fresh Pd(OH)₂/C (50 mg) for another 30 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and evaporated to dryness. The residue was redissolved in methanol (5 mL) and sodium methoxide (0.191 mmol) was added. After stirring at r.t. for 17 h the reaction was quenched by addition of acetic acid (22 μL). The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/methanol/water, 3.4:1:0.1 to 2:1:0.1), followed by Dowex 50 (Na⁺ form) ion exchange column, Sephadex G15 column, microfiltration and lyophilization from dioxane to give C-IV (32.3 mg, 56%) as a colorless foam. For biological testing a small amount was purified by preparative, reversed-phase HPLC to afford the free acid of C-IV as colorless needles.

C-IV sodium salt: [α]_(D) ²¹=−77.9 (c=0.61, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (MeOD, δ00.1 MHz) δ: 0.47-1.89 (m, 25H, CyCH₂, nBu, Cy), 0.88 (t, ³J=7.1 Hz, 3H, nBu), 1.31 (d, ³J=6.5 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 2.00 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 3.24 (t, ³J=8.9 Hz, 1 H, H-2), 3.56-3.60 (m, 2H, Gal H-5, Gal H-3), 3.65 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.72-3.77 (m, 4 H, Gal H-6_(a), Fuc H-2, Fuc H-4, Lac H-2), 3.80 (dd, ³J_(G5,G6b)=6.9 Hz, ²J_(G6a,G6b)=11.5 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(b)), 3.88 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=3.3 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.3 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 3.95 (m, 1H, Gal H-4), 4.68 (d, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.1 Hz, 1H, Gal H-1), 4.85 (m, 1H, Fuc H-5), 4.94 (d, ³J_(F1,F2)=4.0 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 5.41 (dd, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.5 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.2 Hz, 1H, Gal H-2), 7.48-7.51, 7.60-7.63, 8.07-8.09 (3 m, 5H, C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (MeOD, 125.8 MHz) δ: 14.48 (nBu), 16.72 (Fuc C-6), 23.27, 23.92, 26.57, 26.82, 27.41, 29.83, 30.04, 31.69, 31.86, 33.06, 34.44, 35.41, 43.54, 44.30 (14 C, nBu, Cy, CH₂Cy), 63.06 (Gal C-6), 67.70 (Gal C-4), 67.84 (Fuc C-5), 70.21 (Fuc C-2), 71.34 (Fuc C-3), 73.08 (Gal C-2), 73.90 (Fuc C-4), 75.92 (Gal C-5), 80.69 (Lac C-2), 80.41 (C-1), 81.37 (C-2), 83.69 (Gal C-3), 99.91 (Fuc C-1), 100.53 (Gal C-1), 129.60, 130.84, 131.76, 134.23 (6 C, C₆H₅), 166.87 (C═O), 183.26 (COOH); HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₃₈H₅₈NaO₁₄ [M+H]⁺: 761.3719. found: 761.3710 (1.2 ppm).

C-IV free acid: ¹H-NMR (MeOD, δ00.1 MHz) δ: 0.54-1.91 (m, 25H, CyCH₂, nBu, Cy), 0.89 (t, ³J=7.1 Hz, 3H, nBu), 1.32 (d, ³J=6.6 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.98 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 3.23 (t, ³J=8.9 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.56 (m, 1H, Gal H-5), 3.62 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.66 (dd, ³J_(G3,G4)=3.0 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.8 Hz, 1H, Gal H-3), 3.70-3.75 (m, 3H, Gal H-6_(a), Fuc H-2, Fuc H-4), 3.79 (dd, ³J_(G6b,G5)=6.9 Hz, ²J_(G6a,G6b)=11.3 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(b)), 3.85 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=3.3 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.3 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 3.97 (m, 1H, Gal H-4), 4.06 (dd, ³J=2.9, 9.9 Hz, 1H, Lac H-2), 4.67 (d, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.1 Hz, 1H, Gal H-1), 4.88-4.92 (m, 2H, Fuc H-1, Fuc H-5), 5.43 (dd, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.2 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.6 Hz, 1H, Gal H-2), 7.49-7.52, 7.62-7.64, 8.07-8.09 (3 m, 5H, C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (MeOD, 125.8 MHz) δ: 14.48 (nBu), 16.74 (Fuc C-6), 23.38, 23.90, 26.54, 26.72, 27.28, 29.83, 29.99, 31.71, 31.81, 33.12, 34.19, 35.07, 42.78, 44.51 (14 C, nBu, Cy, CH₂Cy), 62.69 (Gal C-6), 67.79 (2 C, Fuc C-5, Gal C-4), 70.27 (Fuc C-2), 71.43 (Fuc C-3), 73.10 (Gal C-2), 73.94 (Fuc C-4), 75.90 (Gal C-5), 77.93 (Lac C-2), 80.71 (C-1), 81.45 (C-2), 83.57 (Gal C-3), 100.29 (Fuc C-1), 100.52 (Gal C-1), 129.67, 130.85, 131.63, 134.37 (6 C, C₆H₅), 166.77 (C═O), 178.84 (CO₂H).

Example 6 {(1R,2R,3R)-2-[(6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-3-(2-methoxycarbonyl-ethyl)-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (D-III; FIG. 6) [(1R,2R,3R)-1-Hydroxy-3-(2-methoxycarbonyl-ethyl)-cyclohex-2-yl]2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranoside (D-I)

A-IV (106 mg, 0.189 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and Grubbs cat. 2^(nd) gen. (16.0 mg, 18.8 μmol) and methyl acrylate (171 μL, 1.90 mmol) were added. The reaction was heated under reflux for 9 d. After 1 d, 2 d and 7 d additional Grubbs cat. 2^(nd) gen. (each 16.0 mg, 18.8 μmol) and methyl acrylate (each 171 μL, 1.90 mmol) were added. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 5:1 to 4:1) to yield an E/Z mixture (53.9 mg), which was directly used for hydrogenation. A solution of the E/Z-mixture in THF (4 mL) was added to Pd/C (28.0 mg, 10% Pd) under argon. The mixture was hydrogenated under atmospheric pressure at r.t. After 30 min the reaction was filtered through celite, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 3:1 to 2:1) to yield D-I (29.1 mg, 25%) as a brownish oil.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−21.2 (c=1.46, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.94 (m, 1H), 1.14 (d, ³J_(F6,F5)=6.5 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.19-1.28 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.67 (m, 1H), 1.74 (m, 1H), 1.99 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.36 (m, 3H), 2.97 (t, ³J=9.2 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.36 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.57 (s, 3H, Me), 3.67 (m, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.98 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=2.4 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.2 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 4.09-4.13 (m, 2H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-5), 4.65, 4.71, 4.76, 4.78, 4.85 (5 m, 5H, CH₂Ph), 4.96 (d, ³J_(F1,F2)=3.4 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 4.99 (1 m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 7.25-7.41 (m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 16.50 (Fuc C-6), 23.03, 27.48, 30.37, 32.02, 32.33 (5 C), 40.72 (C-3), 51.30 (Me), 67.64 (Fuc C-5), 72.97, 73.00 (CH₂Ph, C-1), 73.48, 74.82 (2 CH₂Ph), 76.01 (Fuc C-2), 77.50 (Fuc C-4), 78.84 (Fuc C-3), 91.25 (C-2), 98.33 (Fuc C-1), 127.43, 127.47, 127.58, 127.62, 127.92, 128.19, 128.28, 128.34, 128.36, 138.23, 138.36, 138.73 (18 C, 3 C₆H₅), 174.33 (COOMe); HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₃₇H₄₆NaO₈ [M+Na]⁺: 641.3085. found: 641.3080 (0.8 ppm).

{(1R,2R,3R)-2-[(2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-3-(2-methoxycarbonyl-ethyl)-cyclohex-1-yl}2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-1-D-galactopyranoside (D-II)

According to general procedure C, thioglycoside A-VI (47.9 mg, 61.3 μmol) and glycosyl acceptor D-I (29.1 mg, 47.0 μmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) were added via syringe to activated 3 Å molecular sieves (500 mg). A suspension of DMTST (37.6 mg, 146 μmol) and activated 3 Å molecular sieves (250 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was prepared in a second flask. Both suspensions were stirred at r.t. for 4 h, then the DMTST suspension was added via syringe to the other suspension with some additional CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). The reaction was stopped after 65.5 h and work-up according to general procedure C and purification by column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 4:1 to 3:1) afforded D-II (49.5 mg, 79%) as a colorless foam.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−38.1 (c=0.59, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.45-1.57 (m, 19H, CyCH₂, Cy), 1.37 (d, ³J=6.4 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.61 (m, 1H, (CH₂)₂CO₂Me), 1.82 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 2.13-2.26 (m, 3H, (CH₂)₂CO₂Me), 3.39 (t, ³J=8.1 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.51 (s, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.53-3.56 (m, 4H, H-1, Me), 3.84 (dd, ³J_(G3,G4)=3.3 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.9 Hz, 1H, Gal H-3), 3.93 (m, 1H, Gal H-5), 3.98-4.03 (m, 2H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-3), 4.13 (dd, ³J=4.5, 8.0 Hz, 1H, Lac H-2), 4.28 (dd, ³J_(G5,G6a)=7.2 Hz, ²J_(G6a,G6b)=11.4 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(a)), 4.31 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 4.38 (dd, ³J_(G5,G6b)=5.6 Hz, ²J_(G6a,G6b)=11.4 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(b)), 4.54 (m, 1 H, CH₂Ph), 4.55 (d, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.0 Hz, 1H, Gal H-1), 4.66-4.71 (m, 3H, CH₂Ph, Fuc H-5), 4.73, 4.77 (2 m, 2H, CH₂Ph), 5.02 (d, ³J_(F1,F2)=2.3 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 5.05, 5.12 (2 m, 2H, CH₂Ph), 5.60 (m, 1H, Gal H-2), 5.85 (m, 1H, Gal H-4), 7.19-7.34, 7.42-7.47, 7.53-7.59, 8.03-8.13 (4 m, 35H, 7 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 16.78 (Fuc C-6), 21.18, 25.44, 25.66, 25.70, 26.05, 27.84, 31.26, 32.57, 33.19, 33.38, 40.45 (12 C, CyCH₂, Cy, (CH₂)₂CO₂Me), 41.94 (C-3), 51.42 (CO₂Me), 62.54 (Gal C-6), 66.50 (Fuc C-5), 66.62 (CH₂Ph), 70.09 (Gal C-4), 71.48 (Gal C-5), 72.24 (2 C, CH₂Ph, Gal C-2), 73.79, 74.90 (2 CH₂Ph), 76.26 (Fuc C-2), 77.91 (Gal C-3), 78.34, 78.38 (Lac C-2, C-2), 79.09 (Fuc C-4), 79.53 (Fuc C-3), 80.22 (C-1), 97.70 (Fuc C-1) 99.93 (Gal C-1), 126.96, 127.06, 127.23, 127.29, 127.83, 128.04, 128.06, 128.08, 128.15, 128.38, 128.44, 128.48, 128.53, 128.57, 129.62, 129.65, 129.69, 129.74, 129.86, 129.88, 129.94, 129.99, 133.05, 133.19, 133.24, 135.39, 138.64, 138.99, 139.07 (42 C, 7 C₆H₅), 164.55, 166.06, 166.17, 172.45, 174.02 (5 C═O); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₈₀H₈₈O₁₈ (1337.54): C, 71.84; H, 6.63. found: C, 71.70; H, 6.73.

{(1R,2R,3R)-2-[(6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-3-(2-methoxycarbonyl-ethyl)-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (D-III; FIG. 6)

D-III (46.0 mg, 34.4 μmol) was hydrogenated with Pd(OH)₂/C (25 mg, 10% Pd) in dioxane/H₂O (4:1, 3.75 mL) according to general procedure D. After 42 h the mixture was filtered through celite and hydrogenated with fresh Pd(OH)₂/C (27 mg) for additional 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and evaporated to dryness. The residue was redissolved in methanol (3 mL) and sodium methoxide (51.6 μmol in 55 μl MeOH) was added. After stirring at r.t. for 16 h the reaction was quenched by addition of acetic acid (6 μL). The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative, reversed-phase HPLC to afford D-III (19.2 mg, 73%) as a colorless solid.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−78.3 (c=0.63, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (MeOD, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.55-0.75 (m, 4H, CyCH₂), 0.84-0.96 (m, 2H, CyCH₂, H-4_(a)), 1.04 (m, 1H, H-6_(a)), 1.14 (m, 1H, H-5_(a)), 1.21-1.36 (m, 5H, CyCH₂), 1.32 (d, ³J=6.6 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.39-1.60 (m, 6H, CyCH₂, H-3, H-5_(b), (CH₂)₂CO₂Me), 1.66 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 1.97 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 2.18-2.38 (m, 3H, CyCH₂, (CH₂)₂CO₂Me), 3.27 (t, ³J=8.4 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.57 (m, 1H, Gal H-5), 3.63-3.68 (m, 5H, CH₃, Gal H-3, H-1), 3.71-3.75 (m, 3H, Gal H-6_(a), Fuc H-2, Fuc H-4), 3.79 (dd, ³J_(G5,G6b)=6.8 Hz, ²J_(G6a,G6b)=11.3 Hz, 1 H, Gal H-6_(b)), 3.84 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=3.3 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.2 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 3.98 (m, 1 H, Gal H-4), 4.07 (dd, ³J=3.0, 9.9 Hz, 1H, Lac H-2), 4.67 (d, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.1 Hz, 1H, Gal H-1), 4.83 (m, 1H, Fuc H-5), 4.92 (m, 1H, Fuc H-1), 5.43 (dd, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.2 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.6 Hz, 1H, Gal H-2), 7.49-7.52, 7.62-7.65, 8.08-8.09 (3 m, 5H, C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (MeOD, 125.8 MHz) δ: 16.73 (Fuc C-6), 22.77 (C-5), 26.55, 26.73, 27.28, 27.34 (4 C, CyCH₂), 29.49 (C-4), 31.34 (C-6), 32.16 ((CH₂)₂CO₂Me), 33.13, 34.20, 35.07 (3 C, CyCH₂), 42.78 ((CH₂)₂CO₂Me), 43.52 (C-3), 52.03 (Me), 62.62 (Gal C-6), 67.81 (Gal C-4), 67.89 (Fuc C-5), 70.25 (Fuc C-2), 71.41 (Fuc C-3), 73.09 (Gal C-2), 73.90 (Fuc C-4), 75.92 (Gal C-5), 77.98 (Lac C-2), 80.36 (C-1), 80.96 (C-2), 83.50 (Gal C-3), 100.34 (Fuc C-1), 100.50 (Gal C-1), 129.68, 130.85, 131.62, 134.39 (6 C, C₆H₅), 166.77, 176.09, 178.86 (3 C═O); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₃₈H₅₆O₁₆ (768.84)+1½H₂O: C, 57.35; H, 7.47. found: C, 57.57, H 7.36; HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₃₈H₅₆NaO₁₆ [M+Na]⁺: 791.3461. found: 791.3463 (0.3 ppm).

Example 7 {(1R,2R,5R)-5-tert-Butyl-2-[(6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (E-XI; FIG. 7) rac-(1S,2R,5S)-5-tert-Butyl-2-hydroxycyclohexyl benzoate (rac-E-IV) and rac-(1S,2R,4S)-4-tert-Butyl-2-hydroxycyclohexyl benzoate (rac-E-V)

4-tert-Butylcatechol (E-I) (2.02 g, 12.2 mmol), Rh/Al₂O₃ (98.9 mg), cyclohexane (4 mL) and THF (0.5 mL) were hydrogenated under 5 bar at r.t. After 24 h the mixture was filtered through celite and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by MPLC on silica (CH₂Cl₂/ethyl acetate, 3:1 to 1:3) to afford a mixture of syn-diols (1.64 g, 78%, rac-E-II:rac-E-III, 1.4:1) as a white solid. The mixture (1.64 g, 9.55 mmol) and dibutyltin oxide (2.37 g, 9.52 mmol) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Et₃N (2.68 mL, 19.2 mmol) and benzoyl chloride (1.32 mL, 11.45 mmol) were slowly added via syringe. The mixture was warmed to r.t. during 3 h and then quenched with MeOH (2 mL). The solvents were evaporated in vacuo and the crude residue was purified by MPLC on silica (toluene/ethyl acetate, 10:0 to 10:1) affording rac-E-IV (1.15 g, 44%) and rac-E-V (688 mg, 26%) as white solids.

rac-E-IV: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.90 (s, 9H, tBu), 1.23 (m, 1H, H-5), 1.42 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 1.50-1.57 (m, 2H, H-3_(a), H-4_(b)), 1.68 (m, 1H, H-6_(a)), 1.85 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 2.04 (m, 1H, H-3_(b)), 4.17 (m, 1H, H-2), 5.05 (ddd, ³J=2.7, 4.7, 11.9 Hz, 1H, H-1), 7.44-7.47, 7.56-7.59, 8.05-8.07 (3 m, 5H, C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 19.59 (C-4), 26.42 (C-6), 27.51 (3 C, tBu), 30.57 (C-3), 32.49 (tBu), 46.35 (C-5), 67.10 (C-2), 76.47 (C-1), 128.39, 129.58, 130.27, 133.07 (6 C, C₆H₅), 165.62 (C═O); HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₁₇H₂₄NaO₃ [M+Na]⁺: 299.1618. found: 299.1621 (1.0 ppm).

rac-E-V: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.89 (s, 9H, tBu), 1.18 (m, 1 H, H-5_(a)), 1.34 (m, 1H, H-3_(a)), 1.56 (m, 1H, H-4), 1.83-1.98 (m, 3H, H-5_(b), H-6), 2.04 (m, 1H, H-3_(b)), 4.25 (m, 1H, H-2), 4.98 (ddd, ³J=2.8, 4.9, 11.7 Hz, 1H, H-1), 7.44-7.47, 7.56-7.59, 8.04-8.06 (3 m, 5H, C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 25.07 (C-5), 25.27 (C-6), 27.48 (3 C, tBu), 31.91 (tBu), 31.98 (C-3), 39.43 (C-4), 68.14 (C-2), 75.87 (C-1), 128.39, 129.58, 130.28, 133.06 (6 C, C₆H₅), 165.72 (C═O); HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₁₇H₂₄NaO₃ [M+Na]⁺: 299.1618. found: 299.1621 (1.0 ppm).

rac-(1R,2R,4R)-2-(Benzoyloxy)-4-tert-butylcyclohexyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (rac-E-VI)

rac-E-IV (400 mg, 1.45 mmol), triphenylphosphine (1.14 g, 4.33 mmol) and 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (921 mg, 4.34 mmol) were dissolved in toluene (25 mL). Diethyl azodicarboxylate (680 μL, 4.32 mmol) was slowly added to the reaction via syringe. The mixture was warmed to 50° C. and stirred for 1 d. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the residue, redissolved in a small amount of CH₂Cl₂, was purified by MPLC on silica (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 10:0 to 10:1) affording rac-E-VI (428 mg, 63%) and recovered starting material rac-E-IV (103 mg, 26%) as white solids.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.93 (s, 9H, tBu), 1.25-1.47 (m, 3H, H-3_(a), H-4, H-5_(a)), 1.68 (m, 1H, H-6_(a)), 1.94 (m, 1H, H-5_(b)), 2.29-2.35 (m, 2H, H-3_(b), H-6_(b)), 5.27 (ddd, ³J=4.9, 9.7, 11.4 Hz, 1H, H-1), 5.35 (ddd, ³J=4.7, 9.9, 10.5 Hz, 1H, H-2), 7.36-7.39, 7.48-7.52, 7.96-7.98 (3 m, 5H, C₆H₅), 9.06, 9.14-9.15 (2 m, 3 H, C₆H₃); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 24.79 (C-5), 27.52 (3 C, tBu), 29.76 (C-6), 31.79 (C-3), 32.36 (tBu), 45.73 (C-4), 74.80 (C-2), 77.55 (C-1), 122.31, 128.39, 129.44, 129.58, 129.74, 133.17, 133.81, 148.54 (12 C, C₆H₅, C₆H₃), 162.16, 165.89 (2 C═O); HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₂₄H₂₆N₂NaO₈ [M+Na]⁺: 493.1581. found: 493.1582 (0.2 ppm).

rac-(1R,2R,5R)-5-tert-Butyl-2-hydroxycyclohexyl benzoate (rac-E-VII)

rac-E-VI (135 mg, 0.287 mmol) was suspended in MeOH (5 mL). Et₃N (1 mL) was added and the reaction stirred for 1 h. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by MPLC on silica (toluene/ethyl acetate, 6:0 to 6:1) affording rac-E-VII (63.2 mg, 80%) as a white solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.88 (s, 9H, tBu), 1.12 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 1.19-1.32 (m, 2H, H-5, H-6_(a)), 1.41 (m, 1H, H-3_(a)), 1.80 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 2.12-2.18 (m, 2H, H-3_(b), H-6_(b)), 3.69 (ddd, ³J=4.9, 9.3, 11.3 Hz, 1H, H-2), 4.88 (ddd, ³J=4.7, 9.4, 10.7 Hz, 1H, H-1), 7.43-7.46, 7.55-7.58, 8.06-8.07 (3 m, 5H, C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 24.89 (C-4), 27.54 (3 C, tBu), 31.44 (C-6), 32.28 (tBu), 32.61 (C-3), 46.01 (C-5), 73.33 (C-2), 79.47 (C-1), 128.34, 129.64, 130.23, 133.05 (6 C, C₆H₅), 166.82 (C═O); HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₁₇H₂₄NaO₃ [M+Na]⁺: 299.1618. found: 299.1619 (0.3 ppm).

[(1R,2R,5R)-5-tert-Butyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-yl]2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α- and β-L-galactopyranoside (E-VIII) and [(1S,2S,5S)-5-tert-Butyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-yl]2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranoside (E-IX)

A mixture of rac-E-VII (76.9 mg, 0.278 mmol), A-VI (202 mg, 0.421 mmol), Bu₄NBr (274 mg, 0.850 mmol) and powdered 4 Å molecular sieves (1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) and DMF (1 mL) was stirred at r.t. under argon for 3.5 h. Then, CuBr₂ (188 mg, 0.844 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 11 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL). The organic layer was successively washed with satd. aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine (each 30 mL) and the aqueous layers were extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and co-evaporated with toluene to dryness. The residue was purified by MPLC on silica (petroleum ether/CH₂Cl₂/diethyl ether, 2:1:0 to 2:1:1) to afford the fucosylated diastereomers. To a stirred solution of these diastereomers in methanol/water (5:1, 6 mL), lithium hydroxide (200 mg) was added and the mixture warmed to 50° C. After stirring for 4 h the reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) and the organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by MPLC on silica (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 4:0 to 4:1) to yield E-VIII (72.1 mg, 44%, α:β=1:0.12, yield over two steps) as an anomeric mixture and E-IX (63.0 mg, 38%, yield over two steps) as pure α-anomer.

α-E-VIII: [α]_(D) ²¹=−41.3 (c=0.31, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.86 (s, 9H, tBu), 0.97-1.38 (m, 7H, Fuc H-6, H-3_(a), H-4_(a), H-5, H-6_(a)), 1.74 (m, 1 H, H-4_(b)), 1.99-2.06 (m, 2H, H-3_(b), H-6_(b)), 3.22 (m, 1H, H-2), 3.47 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.70 (m, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.94 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=2.4 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.1 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 4.05-4.09 (m, 2H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-5), 4.65, 4.66, 4.75, 4.82, 4.87 (5 m, 5H, CH₂Ph), 4.97-5.00 (m, 2H, Fuc H-1, CH₂Ph), 7.26-7.41 (m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 16.65 (Fuc C-6), 25.17 (C-4), 27.55 (3 C, tBu), 29.54 (C-3), 32.19 (tBu), 33.63 (C-6), 45.82 (C-5), 66.97 (Fuc C-5), 73.15, 73.33 (2 CH₂Ph), 73.52 (C-1), 74.86 (CH₂Ph), 76.16 (Fuc C-2), 77.41 (Fuc C-4), 79.21 (Fuc C-3), 84.09 (C-2), 96.33 (Fuc C-1), 127.40, 127.48, 127.64, 127.69, 127.90, 128.21, 128.35, 128.44, 138.41, 138.50, 138.81 (18 C, 3 C₆H₅); HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₃₇H₄₈NaO₆ [M+Na]⁺: 611.3343. found: 611.3346 (0.5 ppm).

E-IX: [α]_(D) ²¹=−40.7 (c=0.38, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.85 (s, 9H, tBu), 1.01-1.17 (m, 6H, Fuc H-6, H-4_(a), H-5, H-6_(a)), 1.29 (m, 1H, H-3_(a)), 1.70 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 1.97-2.04 (m, 2H, H-3_(b), H-6_(b)), 3.17 (m, 1H, H-2), 3.45 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.69 (m, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.96-4.05 (m, 3H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-3, Fuc H-5), 4.66, 4.73, 4.76, 4.81, 4.87, 4.97 (6 m, 6H, CH₂Ph), 4.98 (m, 1H, Fuc H-1), 7.26-7.41 (m, 15H, 3 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 16.69 (Fuc C-6), 25.32 (C-4), 27.58 (3 C, tBu), 31.26 (C-3), 32.25 (tBu), 32.88 (C-6), 45.78 (C-5), 66.57 (Fuc C-5), 72.63, 74.19 (2 CH₂Ph), 74.66 (C-1), 74.80 (CH₂Ph), 76.33 (Fuc C-2), 77.40 (Fuc C-4), 80.01 (Fuc C-3), 87.22 (C-2), 101.01 (Fuc C-1), 127.34, 127.52, 127.58, 127.84, 128.18, 128.22, 128.34, 128.39, 128.47, 137.95, 138.53, 138.65 (18 C, 3 C₆H₅).

{(1R,2R,5R)-2-[(2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-5-tert-butyl-cyclohex-1-yl}2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (E-X)

According to general procedure C, thioglycoside A-VI (125 mg, 0.161 mmol) and glycosyl acceptor E-VIII (71.4 mg, 0.121 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) were added via syringe to activated 4 Å molecular sieves (1 g). A suspension of DMTST (120 mg, 0.465 mmol) and activated 4 Å molecular sieves (500 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was prepared in a second flask. Both suspensions were stirred at r.t. for 2 h, before adding the DMTST suspension via syringe to the other suspension with some additional CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). The reaction was stopped after 45 h and worked-up according to general procedure C. The crude product was purified by MPLC on silica (toluene/ethyl acetate, 11.5:0 to 11.5:1) to yield E-X (107 mg, 68%) as a colorless foam.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−57.9 (c=0.50, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.46-1.43 (3 m, 17H, CyCH₂, Cy), 0.58 (s, 9H, tBu), 1.36 (d, ³J=6.0 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.60 (m, 1H, H-4_(b)), 1.81 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 1.99 (m, 1H, H-3_(b)), 3.45 (m, 1H, H-2), 3.55 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.58 (s, 1H, Fuc H-4), 3.87-3.90 (m, 2H, Gal H-3, Gal H-5), 3.97-4.04 (m, 2H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-3), 4.16 (m, 1H, Lac H-2), 4.29 (m, 2H, Gal H-6), 4.39 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 4.55-4.57 (m, 2H, Gal H-1, CH₂Ph), 4.63 (m, 1H, CH₂Ph), 4.69-4.74 (m, 2H, CH₂Ph), 4.79-4.83 (m, 2H, Fuc H-5, CH₂Ph), 4.88 (d, ³J_(F1,F2)=2.1 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 5.04, 5.13 (2 m, 2H, CH₂Ph), 5.56 (m, 1H, Gal H-2), 5.91 (m, 1H, Gal H-4), 7.17-7.35, 7.39-7.48, 7.54-7.55, 8.04-8.11 (m, 35H, 7 C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 125.8 MHz) δ: 16.62 (Fuc C-6), 24.43 (C-4), 25.40, 25.71, 26.06 (3 C, CyCH₂), 27.19 (3 C, tBu), 28.97 (C-3), 31.95 (tBu), 32.23 (C-6), 32.49, 33.17, 33.44 (3 C, CyCH₂), 40.44 (CyCH₂), 45.50 (C-5), 62.21 (Gal C-6), 65.98 (Fuc C-5), 66.58 (CH₂Ph), 69.86 (Gal C-4), 71.19 (Gal C-5), 72.53, 72.56 (Gal C-2, CH₂Ph), 73.02 (CH₂Ph), 74.90 (CH₂Ph), 75.25 (C-2), 76.44 (Fuc C-2), 77.51 (Gal C-3), 78.08 (Lac C-2), 79.24 (Fuc C-4), 79.64 (Fuc C-3), 81.37 (C-1), 94.16 (Fuc C-1), 100.24 (Gal C-1), 126.87, 126.95, 127.22, 127.38, 127.93, 127.95, 128.03, 128.15, 128.34, 128.42, 128.47, 128.50, 129.64, 129.74, 129.83, 129.88, 129.91, 133.04, 133.16, 133.21, 135.43, 138.86, 139.08, 139.14 (42 C, 7 C₆H₅), 164.56, 165.65, 166.11, 172.47 (4 C═O); elemental analysis calcd (%) for C₈₀H₉₀O₁₆ (1307.56): C, 73.48; H, 6.94. found: C, 73.50; H, 6.95.

{(1R,2R,5R)-5-tert-Butyl-2-[(6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside (E-XI; FIG. 7)

A mixture of E-X (102 mg, 77.9 μmol), Pd(OH)₂/C (49.4 mg), dioxane (3 mL) and water (0.75 mL) was hydrogenated under 4 bar at r.t. After 37 h TLC control indicated completion of the reaction and the mixture was filtered through celite and evaporated to dryness. The residue was redissolved in methanol (5 mL) and sodium methoxide (0.195 mmol in 255 μL MeOH) was added. After stirring at r.t. for 14 h the reaction was quenched by addition of acetic acid (23 μL). The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative, reversed-phase HPLC to afford compound E-XI (50.9 mg, 88%) as a white solid.

[α]_(D) ²¹=−93.2 (c=0.91, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (MeOD, 500.1 MHz) δ: 0.60-0.77 (m, 5H, H-6_(a), CyCH₂), 0.65 (s, 9H, tBu), 0.84 (m, 1H, H-4_(a)), 0.93 (m, 1 H, CyCH₂), 1.01 (m, 1H, H-5), 1.15 (m, 1H, H-3_(a)), 1.26 (d, ³J_(F5,F6)=6.6 Hz, 3H, Fuc H-6), 1.29-1.39 (m, 5H, CyCH₂), 1.43 (m, 1H, CyCH₂), 1.53 (m, 1H, CyCH₂), 1.60-1.66 (m, 2H, H-4_(b), CyCH₂), 1.95 (m, 1H, H-6_(b)), 2.05 (m, 1H, H-3_(b)), 3.33 (m, 1H, H-2), 3.56-3.61 (m, 2H, H-1, Gal H-5), 3.69-3.74 (m, 4H, Fuc H-2, Fuc H-4, Gal H-3, Gal H-6_(a)), 3.79 (m, ³J_(G6b,G5)=6.9 Hz, ²J_(G6a,G6b)=11.3 Hz, 1H, Gal H-6_(b)), 3.91 (dd, ³J_(F3,F4)=3.4 Hz, ³J_(F2,F3)=10.1 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-3), 4.00 (m, 1H, Gal H-4), 4.10 (dd, ³J=2.9, 10.0 Hz, 1H, Lac H-2), 4.67 (d, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.0 Hz, 1H, Gal H-1), 4.77 (m, 1H, Fuc H-5), 4.82 (d, ³J_(F1,F2)=3.8 Hz, 1H, Fuc H-1), 5.36 (dd, ³J_(G1,G2)=8.0 Hz, ³J_(G2,G3)=9.8 Hz, 1H, Gal H-2), 7.49-7.52 (m, 2H, C₆H₅), 7.61-7.64 (m, 1H, C₆H₅), 8.10-8.12 (m, 2H, C₆H₅); ¹³C-NMR (MeOD, 125.8 MHz) δ: 16.53 (Fuc C-6), 25.74 (C-4), 26.60, 26.82, 27.30 (3 C, CyCH₂), 27.78 (3 C, tBu), 29.73 (C-3), 32.83 (tBu), 33.11 (CyCH₂), 33.74 (C-6), 34.26 (Lac C-4), 35.12 (CyCH₂), 42.76 (Lac C-3), 47.02 (C-5), 62.69 (Gal C-6), 67.38 (Fuc C-5), 67.99 (Gal C-4), 70.03 (Fuc C-2), 71.57 (Fuc C-3), 73.63 (Gal C-2), 73.96 (Fuc C-4), 76.02 (Gal C-5), 76.90 (C-2), 78.03 (Lac C-2), 81.57 (C-1), 83.17 (Gal C-3), 96.51 (Fuc C-1), 101.13 (Gal C-1), 129.74, 130.90, 131.70, 134.40 (6 C, C₆H₅), 166.83 (C═O), 178.78 (COOH); HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C₃₈H₅₈NaO₁₄ [M+H]⁺: 761.3719. found: 761.3723 (0.5 ppm).

Example 8 {(1R,2R,3S,5R)-2-[(deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-3,5-dimethyl-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside sodium salt (F-VI; FIG. 8) [(1R,2R,3S,5R)-1-tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy-5-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-cyclohex-2-yl]2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranoside (F-I)

To a solution of X (137 mg, 0.191 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL) was added a solution of 1 M LiAlH₄ (667 μL, 0.667 mmol) in THF at 0° C. under argon over a period of 10 min. After 1 h the reaction was quenched with satd. aqueous (NH₄)₂SO₄ (0.5 mL) and stirred at r.t. for 1 h. Then the mixture was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated in vacuo. Column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 6:1) of the residue gave F-I (110 mg, 84%).

[α]_(D) ²⁰=−51.3 (c=0.335, CHCl₃); ESI-MS m/z: calcd for C₄₁H₅₈NaO₇Si [M+Na]⁺: 713.38. found: 713.35.

[(1R,2R,3S,5R)-1-tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy-5-chloromethyl-3-methyl-cyclohex-2-yl]2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranoside (F-II)

To a solution of F-I (105 mg, 0.152 mmol) in dry DCE (1.5 mL) under argon 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylpropenylamine (43 μL, 0.304 mmol) was added dropwise. After stirring for 45 min at r.t. the reaction was quenched with MeOH/25% aqueous NH₃ (1:1, 0.5 mL) and evaporated to dryness. Column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 19:1) of the residue yielded F-II (91 mg, 85%).

[α]_(D) ²⁰=−46.3 (c=2.20, CHCl₃); ESI-MS m/z: calcd. for C₄₁H₅₇ClNaO₆Si [M+Na]⁺: 731.34. found 731.42.

[(1R,2R,3S,5R)-1-tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy-3,5-dimethyl-cyclohex-2-yl]2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranoside (F-III)

To a solution of F-II (89 mg, 0.125 mmol) and AIBN (21 mg, 0.127 mmol) in dry THF (1.5 mL) was added freshly distilled Bu₃SnH (366 μL, 1.38 mmol) via a syringe under argon. After stirring for 90 min at 90° C. the mixture was cooled to r.t. and diluted in MeCN (5 mL). The solution was washed with hexane (5 mL) and the layers were separated. The hexane layer was washed with MeCN (2×5 mL). The combined MeCN layers were evaporated in vacuo and the residue purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether+4% ethyl acetate) to yield F-III (60 mg, 71%).

[α]_(D) ²⁰=−43.6 (c=1.28, CHCl₃); ESI-MS m/z: calcd. for C₄₁H₅₈NaO₆Si [M+Na]⁺: 697.97. found 697.47.

[(1R,2R,3S,5R)-1-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-cyclohex-2-yl]2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranoside (F-IV)

A mixture of F-III (70 mg, 0.104 mmol), THF (1.5 mL), AcOH (1.8 mL) and H₂O (1.5 mL) was stirred for 4 h at 80° C. The mixture was cooled to r.t., neutralized with satd. aqueous NaHCO₃ (approx. 14 mL), diluted with DCM (15 mL) and washed with water (15 mL). The aqueous layer was then extracted with DCM (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness. Column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 8:1) of the crude product gave F-IV (40 mg, 68%).

[α]_(D) ²⁰=−40.8 (c=2.00, CHCl₃); ESI-MS m/z: calcd. for C₃₅H₄₄NaO₆ [M+Na]⁺: 583.30. found 583.18.

{(1R,2R,3S,5R)-2-[(2,3,4-tris-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-3,5-dimethyl-cyclohex-1-yl}2,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-O-D-galactopyranoside (F-V)

A mixture of F-IV (45 mg, 80.3 μmol), A-VI (85 mg, 108 μmol) and activated powdered molecular sieves 4 Å (1 g) in DCM (2 mL) was stirred at r.t. under argon for 4 h. Then a pre-stirred mixture (4 h, r.t.) of DMTST (83 mg, 0.321 mmol) and activated powered molecular sieves 4 Å (200 mg) in dry DCM (2 mL) was added. After 24 h the reaction mixture was filtered over Celite and the filtrate was diluted with DCM (10 mL). The organic layer was washed with satd. aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine (each 5 mL) and the aqueous layers were extracted with DCM (2×5 ml). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 6:1) to yield F-V (63 mg, 62%).

[α]_(D) ²⁰=−47.0 (c=2.17, CHCl₃); ESI-MS m/z: calcd. for C₇₈H₈₆NaO₁₆ [M+Na]⁺: 1301.58. found 1301.64.

{(1R,2R,3S,5R)-2-[(deoxy-α-L-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-3,5-dimethyl-cyclohex-1-yl}2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside sodium salt (F-VI; FIG. 8)

A mixture of F-V (50 mg, 39.1 μmol), Pd(OH)₂/C (27 mg, 10% Pd), dioxane (1.5 mL) and water (400 μL) was hydrogenated in a Parr-shaker at 5 bar. After 4 h the mixture was filtered over Celite and evaporated to dryness. The residue was re-dissolved in MeOH (3 mL) and NaOMe (97.8 μmol in 160 μL MeOH) was added. After stirring at r.t. for 16 h the reaction was quenched with AcOH (10 μL), concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative, reversed-phase HPLC. The freeze-dried product was re-dissolved in water and one equivalent of NaOH was added. The solution was lyophilized from water to afford F-VI (23.3 mg, 80%) as a white solid.

[α]_(D) ²⁰=−89.0 (c=1.16, H₂O); ESI-MS m/z: calcd. for C₃₆H₅₄NaO₁₄ [M+H]⁺: 733.34. found 733.41.

Example 9 Synthesis of Pegylated Mimic FIG. 10 Synthesis of Second Compound of FIG. 10

First compound (100 mg) of FIG. 10 was mixed with ethylenediamine under the argon. The resulting mixture was heated at 70° C. for 7 hr. After evaporation, the residue was purified on C-18 column to afford 55 mg second compound. Yield 68%

PEGylation of Second Compound of FIG. 10

Second compound (5 mg) was mixed with mPEG-nitrophenylcarbonate (5K) 75 mg, triethylamine 5 ul in DMF (2 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. The solvent was removed at reduced pressure. The residue was purified on C-18 to afford 40 mg product.

Example 10 Synthesis of Tetramer Pegylated Mimic FIG. 11

Second compound (20 mg) from Example 9 was mixed with 200 mg 4-arm PEG glutamidylsuccinate, triethylamine 5 ul and DMF 2 mL. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 2 hr. After removing the solvent, the residue was purified on HPLC to afford the product.

Example 11 Synthesis of Compound G-IV FIG. 12

Synthesis of intermediate G-II: Compound XXII (100 mg; Example 2) was treated with 0.01 N NaOEt in EtOH (2 ml) 2 h at room temperature, neutralized with AcOH and the solution was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give G-II (47 mg).

Synthesis of intermediate G-III: Compound G-II (250 mg) was dissolved in dioxane-water (10:1, 6.6 ml) and treated with 10% Pd/C under atmosphere of hydrogen for overnight. Solid was filtered off and filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel) to give compound G-III (100 mg).

Synthesis of compound G-IV: NH₂OH. HCl (64 mg) was dissolved in H₂O (0.5 ml). To this solution was added a solution of NaOH (70 mg) in H₂O (0.5 ml). Compound G-III (25 mg) in MeOH (0.5 ml) was added to the above solution with stirring at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min and then neutralized to pH 7.0 by adding 1 N HCl solution. Solvent was evaporated off and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel) to give compound G-IV.

Example 12 Synthesis of Compound H-IV FIG. 13

Synthesis of intermediate H-II: Compound F-V (100 mg; Example 8) was treated with 0.01N NaOEt in EtOH (2 ml) 2 h at room temperature, neutralized with AcOH and the solution was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give H-II (55 mg).

Synthesis of intermediate H-III: Compound H-II (125 mg) was dissolved in dioxane-water (10:1, 6.6 ml) and treated with 10% Pd/C under atmosphere of hydrogen for overnight. Solid was filtered off and filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel) to give compound H-III (75 mg).

Synthesis of compound H-IV: Compound H-III is treated in the same way as described for the synthesis of G-IV to give H-IV.

Example 13 Sickle Cell Mice

FIG. 14 provides the timeline used for studying the effects of an oligosaccharide mimic (“test compound”—see FIG. 14 for chemical structure) on microvascular flow in sickle cell mice. Microvascular flow was determined by intravital microscopy.

FIG. 15 shows the effects of test compound on the number of immobilized leukocytes on the endothelium in sickle cell mice during stimulation in vivo. Vehicle alone was used as the control. The data is based on 7 mice/cohort for control, and 4 mice/cohort for the test compound cohort. Measurements were taken at between about 20 to 30 locations for each mouse.

FIG. 16 shows the effects of test compound on adherence of SSRBCs to leukocytes in sickle cell mice during stimulation in vivo. Control and mice/cohort were the same as described above for FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 shows the effects of a test compound on the time of survival of sickle cell mice after induction of a vaso-occlusive crisis by administration of TNFα.

Example 14 Endothelial Stimulation

Glycated serum proteins induce neutrophil rolling on endothelial cells in an in vitro assay of cell adhesion under flow conditions. Monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECS) were incubated in glycated serum proteins (FIG. 18, glycated albumin, Gly-HSA or FIG. 19, glycated hemoglobin, Gly-Hb) for 4 hours. Monolayers were then inserted into a flow chamber and the chamber was perfused with human neutrophils (10⁶ cell/ml) at a flow rate corresponding to a wall shear stress of 0.9 dynes/cm². Digital images were acquired and analyzed to determine the rolling index (RI) which is a measure of the degree of neutrophil rolling on the endothelial cell monolayer. Glycated HSA yielded about a 6-fold increase in rolling while glycated hemoglobin yielded approximately a 2.8-fold increase. The effects of the addition of test compound to the perfused neutrophils is shown in FIG. 20. At 50 μM, about 90% of the cell rolling is inhibited by the test compound. As the test compound is a highly specific and potent inhibitor of E-selectin, the increased rolling of neutrophils induced by glycated serum proteins is mainly due to expression of E-selectin.

Example 15 Diabetic Mice

Normal C57BL/6 mice and diabetic (db/db) C57BL/6 mice were used. Diabetic (db/db) mice contain a mutation in the leptin receptor resulting in uncontrolled hunger and obesity, leading to hyperglycemia and diabetes. Leukocyte rolling was measured by intravital microscopy. As shown in FIG. 21, diabetic mice (db/db) display a 4- to 5-fold increased leukocyte rolling over normal mice (C57BL/6).

FIG. 21 shows the percent inhibition of leukocyte rolling in diabetic (db/db) mice by test compound relative to vehicle control. Clearly the test compound has an immediate effect of inhibiting cell flux which lasts throughout the length of the experiment.

All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1. A method for treating an endothelial dysfunction comprising administering to an individual in need thereof in an amount effective to treat the endothelial dysfunction an oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound that contains at least one cyclohexane derivative, wherein the cyclohexane derivative has the formula:

wherein, R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₉ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso that R¹ and R² are not both H; the cyclohexane derivative is at least attached to the oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound at an OH, R¹ or R².
 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound comprises:

wherein, R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso that R¹ and R² are not both H; R³=—OH,

 —O—C(═O)X, —NH₂, —NH—C(═O)—NHX, or —NH—C(═O)X where n=0-2 and X is independently selected from C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and where n=0-10, and any of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₄ aryl, or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, or C₁-C₁₄ aryl;

 6′sulfated GlcNAc, 6′carboxylated GlcNAc, 6′sulfated GalNAc, 6′sulfated galactose, 6′carboxylated galactose,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt or C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(n)-aryl or (CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl where n is 1-10, and where R⁹ is aryl, heteroaryl, cyclohexane, t-butane, adamantane, or triazole, and any of R⁹ may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or C₁-C₁₄ aryl; or

 where R¹⁰ is one of

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-0, n=1-4, Z and Y═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituted with Me, OMe, halide, OH; and R⁵═H, D-mannose, L-galactose, D-arabinose, L-fucose, polyols

 where X═CF₃, cyclopropyl or phenyl, or

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10,  and where R¹¹ is aryl, heteroaryl,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and where n=0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl or C₁-C₈ alkynyl.
 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound consists of the compound of claim
 2. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl.
 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.
 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.
 7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.
 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl.
 9. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.
 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Me is methyl.
 11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.
 12. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl.
 13. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.
 14. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, and Me is methyl.
 15. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.
 16. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Me is methyl, Et is ethyl and Bz is benzoyl.
 17. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.
 18. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Me is methyl, Et is ethyl and Bz is benzoyl.
 19. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

where Me is methyl and Bz is benzoyl.
 20. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound has a polyethylene glycol attached thereto.
 21. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound is attached by polyethylene glycol to another of the compound.
 22. The method according to claim 1 wherein the endothelial dysfunction is a vascular abnormality.
 23. The method according to claim 22 wherein the vascular abnormality is associated with diabetes.
 24. The method according to claim 22 wherein the vascular abnormality is associated with sickle cell disease.
 25. The method according to claim 22 wherein the vascular abnormality is associated with atherosclerosis.
 26. The method according to claim 25 wherein the individual is also being treated with aspirin or an aspirin substitute useful for atherosclerosis.
 27. A method for treating graft vs. host disease comprising administering to an individual in need thereof in an amount effective to treat graft vs. host disease an oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound that contains at least one cyclohexane derivative wherein the cyclohexane derivative has the formula:

wherein, R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₉ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso that R¹ and R² are not both H; the cyclohexane derivative is at least attached to the oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound at an OH, R¹ or R².
 28. The method according to claim 27 wherein the compound comprises:

wherein, R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₉ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; R²H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso that R¹ and R² are not both H;

 —O—C(═O)X, —NH₂, —NH—C(═O)—NHX, or —NH—C(═O)X where n=0-2 and X is independently selected from C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and where n=0-10, and any of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₄ aryl, or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, or C₁-C₁₄ aryl;

 6′sulfated GlcNAc, 6′carboxylated GlcNAc, 6′sulfated GalNAc, 6′sulfated galactose, 6′carboxylated galactose,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt or C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(n)-aryl or (CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl where n is 1-10, and where R⁹ is aryl, heteroaryl, cyclohexane, t-butane, adamantane, or triazole, and any of R⁹ may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₉ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or C₁-C₁₄ aryl; or

 where R¹⁰ is one of

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, n=1-4, Z and Y═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituted with Me, OMe, halide, OH; and R⁵═H, D-mannose, L-galactose, D-arabinose, L-fucose, polyols

 where X═CF₃, cyclopropyl or phenyl, or

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10,  and where R¹¹ is aryl, heteroaryl,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and where n=0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl or C₁-C₈ alkynyl.
 29. The method according to claim 27 wherein the compound consists of the compound of claim
 28. 30. A method for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma comprising administering to an individual in need thereof in an amount effective to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma an oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound that contains at least one cyclohexane derivative wherein the cyclohexane derivative has the formula:

wherein, R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso that R¹ and R² are not both H; the cyclohexane derivative is at least attached to the oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound at an OH, R¹ or R².
 31. The method according to claim 30 wherein the compound comprises:

wherein, R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₉ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso that R¹ and R² are not both H;

 —O—C(═O)—X, —NH₂, —NH—C(═O)—NHX, or —NH—C(═O)—X where n=0-2 and X is independently selected from C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and where n=0-10, and any of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈,alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₄ aryl, or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, or C₁-C₁₄ aryl;

 6′sulfated GlcNAc, 6′carboxylated GlcNAc, 6′sulfated GalNAc, 6′sulfated galactose, 6′carboxylated galactose,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt or C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(n)-aryl or (CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl where n is 1-10, and where R⁹ is aryl, heteroaryl, cyclohexane, t-butane, adamantane, or triazole, and any of R⁹ may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or C₁-C₁₄ aryl; or

 where R¹⁰ is one of

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, n=1-4, Z and Y═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituted with Me, OMe, halide, OH; and R⁵═H, D-mannose, L-galactose, D-arabinose, L-fucose, polyols

 where X═CF₃, cyclopropyl or phenyl, or

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10,  and where R¹¹ is aryl, heteroaryl,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and where n=0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl or C₁-C₈ alkynyl.
 32. The method according to claim 30 wherein the compound consists of the compound of claim
 31. 33. A method for treating disease involving inflammatory cells in the skin comprising administering to an individual in need thereof in an amount effective to treat disease involving inflammatory cells in the skin an oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound that contains at least one cyclohexane derivative wherein the cyclohexane derivative has the formula:

wherein, R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₉ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso that R¹ and R² are not both H; the cyclohexane derivative is at least attached to the oligosaccharide or glycomimetic compound at an OH, R¹ or R².
 34. The method according to claim 33 wherein the compound comprises:

wherein, R¹═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; C(═O)OX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)OX, C(═O)NHX, alkanyl substituted with C(═O)NHX, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; R²═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, OH, or NHX where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)OX where X is C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; —C(═O)NH(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ where n=0-30, C(═O)NHX or CX₂OH, where X═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; O(═O)X, OX, NHX, NH(═O)X, where X═H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₈ alkanyl, aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be substituted with one or more of Me, OMe, halide, or OH; with the proviso that R¹ and R² are not both H;

 —O—C(═OyX, —NH₂, —NH—C(═O)NHX, or —NH—C(═O)X where n=0-2 and X is independently selected from C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and where n=0-10, and any of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₄ aryl, or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, or C₁-C₁₄ aryl;

 6′sulfated GlcNAc, 6′carboxylated GlcNAc, 6′sulfated GalNAc, 6′sulfated galactose, 6′carboxylated galactose,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt or C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(n)-aryl or (CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl where n is 1-10, and where R⁹ is aryl, heteroaryl, cyclohexane, t-butane, adamantane, or triazole, and any of R⁹ may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, CF₃, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, NO₂, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY, C(═O)OY, NY₂ or C(═O)NHY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or C₁-C₁₄ aryl; or

 where R¹⁰ is one of

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, n=1-4, Z and Y═C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, halogenated C₁-C₉ alkanyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituted with Me, OMe, halide, OH; and R⁵═H, D-mannose, L-galactose, D-arabinose, L-fucose, polyols

 where X═CF₃, cyclopropyl or phenyl, or

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10,  and where R¹¹ is aryl, heteroaryl,

 where Q is H or a physiologically acceptable salt, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (CH₂)_(m)-aryl or (CH₂)_(m)-heteroaryl where m is 1-10, and where n=0-10, and any one of the above ring compounds may be substituted with one to three independently selected of Cl, F, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl, C₁-C₈ alkynyl or OY where Y is H, C₁-C₈ alkanyl, C₁-C₈ alkenyl or C₁-C₈ alkynyl.
 35. The method according to claim 33 wherein the compound consists of the compound of claim
 34. 36. The method according to any one of claims 33-35 wherein the disease is dermatitis.
 37. The method according to any one of claims 33-35 wherein the disease is chronic eczema.
 38. The method according to any one of claims 33-35 wherein the disease is psoriasis. 